مجله علوم پیراپزشکی و بهداشت نظامی
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 26، زمستان 1396)

The highest electromagnetic radiation pollution is related to the radiofrequency waves of mobile phones (1). Up to 70% of these waves can be absorbed by various tissues (2). Absorption of these waves can damage the body tissues by causing oxidative stress (3). Given that melatonin plays an antioxidant role, it seems that this hormone can have a protective effect on the hepato- toxicity induced by electromagnetic waves. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of melatonin on liver tissue vulnerability by using melatonin injection in an experimental model in the presence of electromagnetic waves of mobile phones.
Methods and Materials: 32 BALB / c male mice weighting approximately 21 ± 32 g were randomly divided into 4 groups. 1) Control group received distilled water, 2) Melatonin group received daily 2mg / Kg melatonin intra-peritoneally, 3) The group of electromagnetic waves was exposed to electromagnetic waves caused by a mobile phone for 4 hours a day for 1 month, 4) Melatonin and electromagnetic waves group received daily 2mg / Kg of melatonin as an intra-peritoneal injection, one hour before exposure to the waves.
The results showed that electromagnetic waves create oxidative stress (increase MDA and decrease GSH) in group 3 liver tissues. Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) also increased in group 3, which confirms liver tissue damage due to the exposure to electromagnetic waves. Changes in the histological structure of the liver tissue have also been confirmed by biochemical findings. Administration of melatonin reduced the level of oxidative stress and liver injury enzymes in group 4 and improved the liver tissue structure in the same group.
Discussion and The data of this study indicate that melatonin as an antioxidant has the potential to reduce the damage of the liver tissue caused by electromagnetic waves.

Escherichia coli is a normal flora of warm-blood animals digestive tract. Most strains of bacteria are not pathogenic; however, some strains can cause a variety of diseases. Intestinal and extraintestinal human infections caused by the contaminated food and water. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular genes stx1, stx2, eae A, hly of Escherichia coli isolated from human sources by Multiplex PCR method.
Methods and Materials: 55 fecal samples were collected from patients having diarrhoea symptoms in Ali ibn Abitalib hospital and several private medical diagnostic labratories in Rafsanjan. After enriching and isolating the bacteria and extracting DNA, Stx1, Stx2, eaeA, hly genes were evaluated by multiplex PCR method.
Based on the results of molecular analysis of 55 human samples, 10 samples (18.1%) Stx2 gene and 4 (5.45%) Stx1 gene were identified. Other genes of eaeA and hly were not detected in any of the samples.
Discussion and Detection of Escherichia coli strains using molecular methods can be accomplished quickly and accurately. Moreover, considering these genes and the profile of antibiotics is recommended in various other sources.

One of the most basic needs of mankind is justice. Progress will be made in the context of organizational justice. On the other hand, employees of the health sector are exposed to physical, emotional and psychological stresses. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational justice and its dimensions with job burnout and its dimensions in selected military clinics in Tehran in 2017.
Methods and Materals: The present study is a descriptive-analytic study. A sample of 160 employees of selected military clinics in Tehran was selected by census method. Data were collected by “Demographic Data” and “Maslach Burnout Inventory” (MBI) and” Nijouff and Morman organizational justice” questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.
The mean score of burnout was (52.59 ± 16.14) and the mean score of organizational justice was (52.78 ± 11.58). The findings demonstrated that there is no significant relationship between organizational justice and burnout. On the other hand, there is a significant relationship between their dimensions. There is an inverse and negative relationship among emotional exhaustion with organizational justice, distributive justice, and procedural justice. In addition, there is an inverse and negative relationship between personal accomplishment with organizational justice and distributive justice. On the contrary, there is no significant relationship between other dimensions of organizational justice with dimensions of burnout.
Discussion and Based on the results, whatever the justice and fairness of executives and senior executives increase for the staffs, the job burnout decreases among employees. Furthermore, their performance will be improved.

Melanoma is a type of skin censers that is started from melanocyte cells. Conventional methods for diagnosis of cancers include shape, size, and skin tumour colour measurement, the disorder in tumour situation, create scars, bleeding, and touch the site of the injuries. Researches are continuing to find simpler and safer methods in cancer diagnostic.
Methods and Materials: The model was performed in COMSOLMULTYPHYSICS software in axisymmetric method and it includes a metallic circular waveguide, PTFE dielectric rode probe and a skin phantom. Then, transmission and reflection component of electric field, the temperature profile in skin tissue, tissue necrosing and far field radiation pattern were measured in 1 mW and 35 GHz and 95 GHz.
Electric field: we observed that when there isn’t any tissue, the electric field was in transmission mode completely. Moreover, it will be diverged slowly in conical probe tip. On the other hand, reflecting electromagnetic waves were observed when a skin tissue was exposure in media. The necrosis growth rate was investigated in 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 7.5 min respectively. It was observed that all of the tumour regions were irradiated in 7.5 min. when electromagnetic field radiated to skin tissue, cancerous and normal cells had the different colour. The hottest spots indicated the cancerous regions while the temperature was near the 34 C. Far field pattern: This item is extremely dependent on radiated frequency and their patterns are completely different in 35 and 95 GHz frequency.
Discussion and The 35 and 95 GHz millimetre EM wave response watery component is more sensitive than other frequency. In addition, the cancerous skin tissue is wetter than healthy skin. Thus, the application of these waves can be an effective way as a diagnostics method.

In recent years, the rapidly increasing use of mobile phone operating nearby the human head has caused public concern for its effects on human health. The FDTD methodology is widely used for calculation of the effects of electromagnetic fields on human body.
Methods and Materials: In this paper, first a dual band patch antenna structure (GSM-900 and DCS 1800), which is located in a plastic box, has been designed and simulated using FDTD method. Then, we use an anatomical model of human head with 21 kinds of tissues contains a set of MRI images of a healthy 35-years-old man. To simulate the effects of radiation of handheld phone on human head using FDTD, we insert the simulated model of mobile phone in vicinity of the anatomical model of human head. The output power of antenna is set in 600 and 250 mW at 900 and 1800 MHz, respectively.
Dual-band patch antenna has been simulated in touch position with the human head model using FDTD and the electric field distributions have been obtained in different slices of the head model. Using the obtained results, local SAR and 1-gr averaged SAR distribution have been calculated. It is seen that the peak of 1-gr averaged SAR is obtained as 1.795 and 0.4683 W/kg at 900 and 1800 MHz, respectively. The calculated values of SAR are less than the allowable value of SAR (2 W/kg).
Discussion and It is observed that the electric field is mostly concentrated on the ear and brain tissues at 900 MHz while the peak of electric field occurs in the skin region at 1800 MHz. The peak of local SAR occurs in the central region of ear tissue in direct touch of upper side of handheld mobile phone at 900 and 1800 MHz. To validate the proposed method, the mobile phone in the proximity of the spherical head phantom has been simulated and the results have been compared with the results of XFDTD and CST software.

Prostate cancer is the most common malignant cancer among men and it is the second leading cause of cancer death in men after lung cancer. In describing the epidemiology of prostate cancer, this is a preventable condition. Some previous studies indicated that there is a significant relationship between the level of awareness about prostate cancer screening and its implementation. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the awareness of male hospital staffs about prostate cancer screening in selected hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2017.
Methods and Materials: The current research is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. A research made questionnaire was used an instrument of this study. This questionnaire contained questions about demographic variables and prostate cancer awareness.100 people were selected by random sampling method.
The mean age of the respondents was 53 years with a standard deviation of 14.9 years. 10 patients of (10%) respondents mentioned the family history of prostate cancer. The average score of their awareness was 34.33 from the maximum score of 21. There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of respondents awareness with age, family members, supplementary status of insurance and family history of cancer. While, there was statistically significant relationship between their awareness with higher education, income, and insurance status.
Discussion and This study revealed that the planning and implementing of the educational interventions is necessary for preventing of the prostate cancer. Therefore, it is recommended to train courses for those who are at risk of this disease.

Non-uniformity is one of the most important parameters affecting MRI images which can lead to harmful effects in the diagnosis and analysis of qualitative and quantitative methods. The present study introduced a method for measuring RF non-homogeneity in MRI systems.
Methods and Materials: To verify the uniformity of B0 and B1 fields, a cylindrical phantom with a diameter of 24 cm and a height of 25.5 cm was made of plexiglass and filled with vegetable oil. In this method, a single slice of a uniform phantom was imaged with different flip angles using a standard spin echo protocol. The signal intensity in these images were fitted to a mathematical model which describes the relationship between signal intensity and flip angle in spin echo images. Multi-angled echo spin and three dimensional echo gradient protocols were used to assess the uniformity of B0 and B1 magnetic fields respectively. Two different echo times were used for multi-angled echo including spin and three dimensional echo gradient protocol using an MRI Siments Prisma 3 Tesla in the National Brain Laboratory.
RF waves were sent uniformly; however, there was no uniformity in the received waves by the lumbar coil. The uniformity has been observed in the waves received by the head coil. Moreover, the non-uniformity of B0 field was equal to 0.3125 ppm over a 24 cm DSVC (diameter of spherical volume).
Discussion and The accuracy of coils and the plan of B0 and B1 magnetic fields can be evaluated and prepared using this phantom. In addition, artifacts caused by nonuniformity of these two fields on functional images such as diffusion and magnetic spectroscopy eliminate by using this phantom. Furthermore, this phantom can be used for assessing the uniformity of magnetic fields in devices with various powers.

Heterotopic pregnancy is defined as a spontaneous intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of this type of pregnancy is estimated at 1 in 30,000 in the general population. This Pregnancy is commonly seen in the use of vitro fertilization and ovarian induction. It is a life-threatening disease. It may be ignored in diagnostic procedures; therefore, this can change into a diagnostic and therapeutic problem for physicians. In this study, we report a case of heterotopic pregnancy in a 37-year-old woman who was undergone laparotomy and curettage.
Description: A 37-year-old woman presented with a history of two times cesarean section surgery and an ectopic pregnancy that has been self-absorbed in the last 6 months. The patient has been referred to physician because of the delay in menstruation since 3 last weeks. Considering the ultrasonography that has been done for the patient, a picture of gestational sac with a normal shape and position, normal and uniformly decidual reaction containing yolk sac without embryo in the uterine cavity with free fluid in the pelvic cavity indicated the heterotopic pregnancy. The gestational age was estimated based on MSD of 5w. The patient has been undergone laparotomy surgery. The ovary and right fallopian have been removed and curettage has been done.
Heterotopic pregnancy can occur in normal cycles and in the absence of any predisposing risk factors. Therefore, pregnant women should consider the possibility of heterotopic pregnancy as the diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy cannot rule out the possibility of concomitant ectopic pregnancy.