فصلنامه طب و تزکیه
سال بیست و ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 105، زمستان 1396)

Observational studies raise less ethical challenges in comparison to interventional studies. As a result, sometimes, the necessity of Ethical Review of these studies has been neglected. Generally, there are several ethical considerations in each step of observational studies in managerial approach that have been discussed in this paper. These steps include research question, design of study and protocol, collecting information, Inducements, documentation and communication of study results. The most important ethical considerations of information collection are obtaining informed consent from research subjects and maintaining confidentiality which menans that respect for privacy and autonomy of research subjects are very important, especially during the use of health records, interview with sever patients and research on incompetent patients. Investigator can provide a motivation for research subjects, but an inappropriate inducement is not acceptable. Because of these Ethical considerations, each observational study should be reviewed by Research Ethics Committee

The strategic role of professional ethics in government agencies and organizations has been emphasized by many scholars. Strategic management professionals consider good ethics to be a prerequisite for good strategic management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of professional ethics among the staff of the Ministry of Health, Medical Education and Education, and its socialization.
Methods and Materials: The research is applied in a descriptive-correlative way. According to the Morgan table, the sample size was determined 153 people and samples were selected randomly. Data were collected by two questionnaires: Ralph Cutz standard socialization questionnaire and Murray’s professional ethics questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed and Their reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and SPSS software. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Pearson correlation test, simple linear regression, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shyprov-Wilk test using SPSS and PLS software.
Findings indicate a significant relationship between organizational socialization and accountability (r=0.517 , P There is a significant relationship between professional ethics and organizational socialization among employees of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education Expresses the close correlation of these two variables together. The results indicate that a meaningful relationship can be effective in promoting the quality of organization’s performance.

Professional ethics in higher education is an abstract and ambiguous concept for which different definitions have been proposed. Analyzing this concept is essential to reach a united perception, setting behavioral standards and preparation of scales for evaluation. The purpose of this study was to propose a comprehensive definition of professional ethics in higher education and to identify its dimensions and constructs.
Methods and Materials: Walker and Avant’s eight-step model was used to analyzing the concept of professional ethics in higher education. After extensive review of all literatures, 38 relevant articles were included in the study. Data saturation was done by analyzing 21 articles and characteristics, dimensions, constructs, antecedents and consequents of the concept were derived.
The results of literature review and concept analysis showed professional ethics in higher education forms with regard to performing professional commitments of professors and has four essential characteristics which are professional etiquette, ethics in professional social behavior, ethics in professional technical functions and issues, intrapersonal professional values and beliefs, and needs ethical competencies in professors including ethical sensitivity, ethical knowledge, ethical reasoning and ethical self-regulation.
Identification of the elements and attributes of concept of professional ethics in higher education causes in common sense of this concept. As well, it contributes in planning the developmental strategies for optimization of professional ethics in professors as a necessity for high quality assurance of their professional performance and is a fundamental step in designing its evaluation measures.

Health education and health promotion as an important source of economic development, social and individual arises, given the important task of governments is critical. So for all human beings to achieve this worthwhile goal, namely health and barriers in the layers that need training.
Methods and Materials: This qualitative study with a phenomenological approach in the summer of 1395 on 15 educators and health education Targeted sampling and saturation data, in compliance with the confidentiality of information and the possibility to leave the study at any time were continued. The method of collecting data through open and semi-structured deep interview was conducted. All interviews were recorded and transcribed, word for word handwritten and were analyzed.
Integration with analysis the main components, 2 main components were identified and by analysis of the main components, 19 sub-components were extracted. The main component of the needs at the macro level is the comprehensiveness of the content of the textbooks, the failure to express health problems in the textbooks, the interest in health education issues, the training of specialist teachers and the interest in health education, the understanding of the interdependence between economic, political and health education by Establishment of comprehensive health education and health promotion programs, adopting new approaches to health education, providing educational facilities and facilities, providing scientific and information resources in the field of health education, allocating necessary and adequate funding, reviewing the content of textbooks, Increasing the quality of printing textbooks is a key component At the school level, the following are included: observance of health standards in the school environment, school health education, student health education, teacher health education, staff and school officials,teaching health concepts through new teaching methods, taking measures for active participation of students in The nature and the touch of the close, the interest of students in health education and health promotion, is through teaching different health concepts outside the classroom.
Of the 19 axes obtained from the analysis of respondents’ responses to the first question, the training of specialized teachers interested in health education is one of the most important needs of the educational system to be accountable

The postpartum period is important for health of the mother and baby.Proper functioning of postpartum women in religious orders, in addition to spiritual influence, causing comfort and a better relationship with her partner. Given the importance of knowledge this study was conducted to assess this issue in relation to postpartum religious orders.
Methods and Materials: This is a cross-sectional survey in 421 women in postpartum wards of hospitals in Isfahan were studied by use of quota and easy sampling from January to March of 2014.2-part questionnaire was completed by women. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and SPSS software (P The results showed that the knowledge of the majority of participants in the field of postpartum religious orders was low. Average score of their general knowledge in this field was 27/38(23/05). (From 100) Knowledge of woman had a significant positive relationship with age, husband’s age, number of pregnancies and deliveries and husband’s job. (p0/05).
Due to low awareness level of the subjects about postpartum religious orders, religious authorities, as well as health authorities need to pay special attention to education this subject for pregnant and postpartum women.

Organizational silence plays an important role in the success or failure of organization and it provides negative atmosphere against expressing new ideas and sharing information. On the other hands, today employees’ engagement in their jobs or works and knowledge management in their minds are factors affecting organizational success and survival that is required for studying these two variables. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between knowledge management and work engagement with employees’ organizational silence in medical science university of Ardabil.
Methods and Materials: Population of this study consisted of all employees of medical science university of Ardabil. 130 samples were selected using convenience sampling. Newman and Conrad knowledge management (1999), Schoufeli and Salanova work engagement questionnaire (2001) and Vandayn organizational silence questionnaire (2003) were used to collect data. Content validity of the questionnaire was approved by professors obtained respectively 0.89, 0.79 and 0.76. Spss software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to data analysis.
Mean of knowledge management was 58.86, mean score of work engagement of employees, 53.79 and mean score of their organizational silence, 45.09. The results of data analysis showed a negative correlation between the knowledge management variables with organizational silence (R= 0.727) and a significant negative correlation between work engagement variable with organizational silence (R= 0.688).
The results suggest that knowledge management and work engagement of employees can reduce organizational silence at university. It means that heads of university can act on reducing organizational silence by managing current knowledge in employees’ mind and providing necessary context for increasing employees’ work engagement.

The leadership style is the most important and basic management elementsthat effective on service delivery and quality of patient care.Clinical leadership role as an important factor in achieving improved quality care and patient safety is well-known.So the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between clinical leadership competencies of midwives has been done indices mother-friendly hospital with Mother Friendly Hospitals Indicators.
Methods and Materials:This is a correlation study which was conducted in eight hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Research community was all the midwives ofmentioned hospitals. Samples were selected by census method (n: 200). Data gathering tools were self-assessment questionnaires and hospital information form.For data analysis, SPSS version 20 was used.
Based on the survey results, 82.5% did not have a history of managerial positions and 87.1% of them had not passed any management course. Midwives, level of clinical leadership competencies assessed as very high (mean: 3.52). Among the areas of leadership in clinic of Level 2 and 3 there was no difference between the two levels. Between clinical leadership competencies of midwives with index average of mother-friendly hospital there was a negative correlation.
The level of preparedness and organizational maturity of staff affect the leadership style of every organization including hospitals.If the employees are mature enough to perform well,they should be supported and encouraged by managers and be involved in making better decisions and quality improvement of the organization.

In the history of medicine, the surgical branch of Islamic medicine has been less widely studied, Therefore, the purpose of this study was to show some of the important and influential achievements of the Islamic Surgeons in this field. Regarding the wide range of subjects, the renal-urinary organs were selected until The elegance and sensibility of these organs have shown more angles than the innovations of this period.
Methods and Materials: Research Methodology have been Qualitative and descriptive-analytic type And with this method The content of the reference texts of surgical knowledge of the Islamic period has been reviewed critically and analyzed. Accordingly, the index and reference works of this period have been completed With this aim The period of the 3rd century AH, the beginning of original publications in this area until the 13th century AH, which the introduction of modern medicine into the Islamic world, was chosen. Then The principles and techniques of the surgeon have been thoroughly investigated; Then the principles and techniques of the surgeons in the field of renal, bladder, and urethral surgery have been analyzed. Eventually, By inductive method, The basic principles and techniques of this area are outlined.
The basic and consistent principles of surgery have been included: Differential diagnosis, precautionary measures, prevention of bleeding: such as hot flashes, sitting in a water pool, spraying styptic compounds, phlebotomy and closure of the wound site. After surgery, the principles of health at the surgical site were also emphasized by all surgeons. The findings of this research have suggested the following surgical procedures for the renal-edema organs: Cauterize of kidney and bladder with Hot Tools, Cauterize different hernia, Splitting with the technique of removing the inner fluid, lift and split, Split from width, Of course in this period Because of the huge dangers, is not used from cut off technique.
The research results confirmed this assumption That Some basic principles and techniques have been accepted at this time from the East to the West of the Islamic World. In the field of surgical techniques, three main methods were: Cauterize, splitting, and cutting And in this context, constant principles also included:Differential Diagnosis, Observing the moral principle of non-harming the patient, Avoid bleeding, stitching and disinfecting the wound site.