نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 67، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1397)

Today, consuming junk foods and unhealthy snacks are very common in children. This study aimed to investigate the effects of parent education on reducing the consumption of unhealthy snacks in first and second elementary female students in Eghlid city.
In this experimental-interventional study,102 students of first and second grade (51 in the intervention group and 51 in the control group) participated. The intervention was in the framework of social-cognitive theory and two training sessions for parents during the group discussion and question and answer and distributing pamphlets. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed to assess the impact of intervention in two stages, which was completed by parents before and three months after the intervention.
After the intervention, the frequency of consumption of unhealthy snacks had a significant decrease in students (P=0.0001). However, significant changes was not observed in the control group ( p=0.352). There was a significant increase among structures of social- cognitive theory as well as Awareness (p=0.002), attitudes toward behavioral outcomes (p=0.0001), access p=0.001) and social support (p=0.0001).
According to the results, we can say that a family-based intervention based on parent education within the framework of social-cognitive theory can reduce the consumption of unhealthy snacks in primary school students

Early detection of osteoporosis is a key to preventing of it; but recognition, without the use of appropriate diagnostic methods, due to the complexity of risk factors and gradual bone loss process, is problem. The purpose of this study is to develop and efficiency evaluation a predictive model of osteoporosis using decision tree technique as a diagnostic method based on available risk factors; thereby to identify individuals at risk for preventive activities.
In this study used data from 131 women aged 20 – 40 years. Response variable was amount of BMD (t-score) L1-L4 lumbar region that divided on two group, normal (t-score>= -1) and at risk of osteoporosis (t-score Three variables number of pregnancies, BMI and calcium levels as risk factors for osteoporosis were obtained from the decision tree model and Area under receiver operative characteristic decision tree and logistic regression, respectively 0.665 and 0.686 were obtained.
Area under receiver operative characteristic curve showed advantage superiority of logistic regression that according to advantages of the decision tree applying simultaneously of two models is recommended.

Motor vehicles are known as an important artificial source of air pollution, where personal cars account for 90% of total consumed energy in transportation system. Human factors have a critical role in car-caused air pollution. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of drivers towards reduction of fuel consumption and control of car-caused air pollution in Yazd.
This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on drivers in Yazd city. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic variables, driver's knowledge, attitude and practice. A simple random sampling was used and 250 questionnaires were completed. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.
According to obtained results, the driver's knowledge, attitude and practice significantly increase as age increases (P-value>0.05). The average score of the KAP towards reduction of fuel consumption and control of car-caused air pollution was higher in men compared to women. The knowledge of drivers with less than 2 years driving experience was significantly less than others and the attitude score of drivers with more than 5 years driving experience was significantly higher. The score of knowledge of 186 drivers (74.4%) was average, and 161 (64.4%) had an average score of practice towards reduction of fuel consumption and control of car-caused air pollution. There was a statistically positive correlation between the driver's KAP.
Regarding the results of the present study, the driver's knowledge, attitude and practice towards ways of reducing fuel consumption and control of car-caused air pollution was found to be average, hence further education is required.

Depression is one of prevalent psychiatric disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dialectic behavioral therapy (DBT) on depressed women's life attitude.
This study was a semi experimental study with pretest-posttest design carried out on 30 depressed women selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to control and experimental group (15 subjects in each group). The data collection tool was Ray Kare's Life Attitude Questionnaire, which was performed before and after the training as a pretest for both experimental and control groups. Then, an intervention program was performed for the experimental group, in 9 2-hour sessions dialectic behavioral therapy. After intervention and two month later, post-test and follow-up test were performed respectively. Finally, Data were analyzed by Multivariate Covariance Analysis (Mancova).
The findings showed that participants’ scores of the experimental group in life attitude questionnaire and its subscales increased significantly than the control group in post-test and this increase was maintained until the follow-up stage (p Based on the results it can be concluded that the DBT is an appropriate intervention to alter life attitudes of depressed women

Regarding special physiological conditions of pregnant women, training the rules of oral and dental care are required to be more emphasized. Most of health problems are associated with human behavior and, therefore, the theories of behavior can help with prevention of oral and dental health problems. The present study was conducted to determine predictors of oral and dental care in pregnant women based on the theory of planned behavior.
Material: This was a descriptive correlational study in which 208 pregnant women referring to four health centers in the city of Yazd were selected using multistage random sampling. The questionnaire was designed according to the theory of planned behavior which consisted of demographic and background information, theoretical questions, and oral and dental health status. It was completed through interview while the validity was confirmed by the expert opinions and the reliability by Cronbach's alpha of 0.83-0.64.
59.1% of the studied women brush their teeth once a day and only 30.8% used dental floss daily. The average number of healthy teeth of the pregnant women was 23.56 ± 7.65. Attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predicted 66% of behavioral intension. Health behavior predicted 12% of the changes of oral and dental health condition. Perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of behavioral intention.
Concentrating on perceived behavioral control, the theory of planned behavior could result in optimum behaviors of oral and dental health. This model can be used as an appropriate model in promoting oral and dental health status.

Children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), show negative, hostile, and disobedient behavior patterns that lead to important family or educational problems. Most children, experience a period of mild negativity and disobedience, and often parents are tired of occasional argumnet with their children. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of play therapy on oppositional defiant disorder symptom in children.
This study is an interventional and quasi-experimental. In this study, the sample size was determined based on similar studies and Morgan table and 15 subjects were selected in the experimental group (7 girls and 8 boys) and 15 subjects in the control group (9 boys and 6 girls). Measurement tools include the Child Behavior Checklist CBCL, TRF Teacher Report Form and a clinical interview with parents.. Those children who scored higher score (equal to or higher than 4) ewre selected. Parents were invited to participate in a half-hour clinical interview by the researcher for the final diagnosis. They were interviewed based on the diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 without children in order to match the questionnaire results with the interview..
The results of the analysis showed that the symptom was significantly reduced by parents and teacher reports.. Therefore, play therapy with a cognitive-behavioral approach significantly reduced the rate of oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in boys and girls in post-test and follow-up stages.
These findings show the effectiveness of play therapy to reduce the oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in children ; therefore, the use of this treatment in these child is recommended to therapists .

Nowadays, meat products that are easily prepared and cooked are of great concern to the people. Among them, hamburgers are one of the products of meat production, which is often produced in both industrial and handmade form, and the use of unauthorized meat such as the undesirable plant adjuvants of slaughter animals (lung, breast, spleen, abdominal cavity organs, gizzard, chicken skin, etc.) in the compound formula is one of the adulterations of this product. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of unauthorized tissues in handmade burgers supplied in Tehran by histological method.
In this study, in the year 2014, 35 handmade hamburgers were examined for the presence of unauthorized tissues and non-authorized substitutes in the formulation, by histological method (staining with hematoxylin and eosin).
In this study, the percentage of use of unauthorized tissues in hand-made samples was 48.57% including chicken paste (14 cases) and skin (3 cases). Statistical analysis of the data showed that the percentage of use of chicken paste had a significant difference compared with skin use (P value Due to the fact that the use of unauthorized tissues in burgers according to existing standards is a fraud and endangers the health of consumers, the necessity of strict hygienic controls and supervision is necessary for the deli.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of theory based education on the performance of health workers in samples from patients with diarrhea in the home health eltour city of Taft in the years 2016. This was a quasi-experimental study as pretest and posttest associated with a control group.
In this study, 90 people were selected as convenience sampling in case and control groups. The study population included all health workers in the city of Taft in Yazd province . The independent variable was education based on health belief model in the experimental group. Data was collected using A researcher made questionnaire on the performance made with 8 subscales, which its validity and reliability were calculated according to a small sample. The questionnaire was administered to both groups in the pre-test and post-test. Data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and charts, as well a inferential statistics such as T- test was used for testing hypotheses.
the statistical analysis of data showed that there is a significant difference on sample between experimental and control groups following the educational intervention Our findings showed that there was no significant difference after entering the independent variable Statistical analysis showed that between the mean scores of the difference between performance in both groups. This means that the independent variable of education based on the health belief model increased the performance of health worker in dimensions such as awareness and behavior, and structures such as perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy and guidance for action in the case group.
Considering the limitations of the study, the results showed that education based on the health belief model is one of the most effective ways to improve the performance of health workers.

Simultaneous development of technology is composed with environmental hazardous with heavy-metals and organic solvents and thus toxic catalysts/organic solvents must be replaced with biocatalysts and water. Urease is a hydrolase enzyme and urease-urea can be considered a safe source of toxic ammonia in synthesis of nifedipine. Nifedipine is an antihypertensive drug synthesized by four–component reaction of 2 mmol methyl acetoacetate, 2–nitro-benzaldehyde, and ammonia using catalysts and organic solvents. The object of this research is replacement of toxic ammonia with urease-urea and organic solvents with water and study of heavy-metals and organic-solvent inhibition of urease on the synthesis of nifedipine.
In this experimental work, by controlling of yield and time of nifedipine synthesis via reaction of methyl acetoacetate, 2–nitro-benzaldehyde, and urease/urea in water, optimum urease/urea concentration, temperature, and pH for maximum yield were determined. Then, the effect of heavy-metal/organic solvent inhibitors on the production of ammonia and urease-catalyzed synthesis of nifedipine have been investigated.
Based on the yield of nifedipine, the activity of urease for ammonia production depends on parameters such as urease/urea amount, temperature, pH, and kind or concentration of inhibitors. The results accorded urease specificity for maximum dissociation of urea in experiment with 10 mg/mL urease, pH=7, and 70 C° in water, while heavy-metal ion/organic solvent inhibitory of urease showed trends of Hg2>Ag>Cu2>Pb2>Cd2 and acetonitrile>chloroform>dichloromethane to reduce in ammonia concentration and nifedipine.
Urease-urea makes a biocompatible source of ammonia for synthesis of anti–hypertension drug of nifedipine, while inhibitors such as heavy metal cations especially Hg2, organic solvents, and sulfuric acid decrease the reaction rate. Biocompatibility, use of water and no organic solvent/catalyst, high yield and selectivity are advantages of this green method in comparison to previous reported methods.