نشریه پیام باستان شناس
پیاپی 12 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

Neolithic period is an important event and turning point in history and life of human being, since this era is a change from human dependence in nature to its control and management. The process of this evolution is quite complicated and included important social, economical, cultural and environmental factors. Along with the mentioned factors above, archeological studies show that many areas in near-east have experienced Neolithisation, while the other zones such as Azerbaijan were part of marginal districts, and the Neolithisation of these zones was the diffusion and reflection of Neolithic centers. Therefore, peripheral plains near the lake -as a center of regionwere settled for first the time by non-regional groups in the last stage Neolithic, and again the same center(peripheral plains beside lakes) was diffused to district with the passage of time. The important reasons can be the increase of settlements and consequently population which triggered the immigration of some groups of the population that consisted of seasonal transhumance. They  were more of seasonal pastoral people who identified and settled in other zones far from lakes, such as one of the far regions from center in Meshkin Shahr Plain where Ghousha Tepe was the first of its settlement site. Having explained and analyzed the Neolithic period in Azerbaijan in this paper, particularly its eastern area(Ardebil province) - on the basis of archaeological data of Ghousha tepe, it was concluded that this site, at first, was formed at last century of 6th millennium and at the beginning of 5th millennium by people who were familiar with Neolithic culture of lakes. And secondly, since then, the permanent convergence and cooperation lasted between Ghousha Tepe and Uremia Lake even in Chalcolithic era. 

The typology and classification of ceramic assemblages, obtained from archaeological investigation and excavations, is one of the standard methods in archeological studies. In this paper, characteristics and parameters of ceramic types of Tehran plain from late Neolithic period to the late Chalcolithic period have been studied, based on the typology the of ceramic collections of the second season of excavation at Tepe Pardis. These kinds of investigations help us study the traditions and styles of pottery in each and among different periods. The outcome of this study can be applied for the classification of prehistoric ceramics in the Central Plateau of Iran.

In the fifth millennium B.C, the Dalma ceramic cultural tradition spread throughout much of the north-west and western of Iran. However, insufficient pieces evidence of the same expansion and distribution of this tradition over eastern parts of North west and central Iranian plateau have been obtained during the surveys at Abharrud basin area. Abharrud basin is located among the three cultural-geographic regions of the central plateau, north-west and west of Iran. During the surveys in this area, 12 Dalma associated sites were discovered and examined. The discovered sites might have possibly been small villages situated near water sources and mostly on the intermountain plain of Abhar or among the highlands; according to the location selection, these villages belong to nomads wandering in between the north-west and western parts of Iran's basins. The matter of this research is that it can yield a large amount of information about the eastern cultures and traditions of the north-west, north-east of western Iran and the western cultures of central plateau and the 
characteristics and cultural types of these regions (their similarities and differences) in a small but prominent region. 

The Talvar dam archaeological project was conducted on March 2008 in order to evaluate the archaeological potentials of the regions affected by the industrial constructions. Intensive walking survey of the region has revealed seventeen new sites, which encompass a relatively wide temporal range from Chalcolithic to the Islamic periods. However, there exists a noticeable gap between the Iron Age and historical periods. The distribution of the sites and their positions compare to the Talvar River indicate that this river has played an important role for the populations who used to live in this geographical region during the prehistoric and historic times. 

The historic-artistic and comparative probe accomplished on two pieces of painting on a clay layer belonging to Achaemenid period, which had been kept in a room in Susa Castle demonstrated that these two pieces were the two first paintings obtained from the Achaemenid period that have been created on the clay wall. In order to attain the essence of the paintings and their content, investigation about the figure's details was first done and, then it referred to the figures' relationship. The outcome of the study is to recognize and identify the figures and the subject matters of the pictures as well. 

Qorveh destrict of Kurdistan in the South East contains many Parthian relics due to its geographical location and certain environmental conditions and geographical proximity with important Parthian settlements in west and north-west of Iran. During the field studies conducted mostly in the so called areas, it was discovered that Parthian regions are remnants of small settlements. According to the description, this article is to help increase our knowledge about the cultural condition of the site in Achaemenid period, based on the description, classification and typology of the obtained pottery from this area. According to studies, Parthian pottery of this region includes pottery with cordage motif, piteous and one of the Parthian typical pottery or Clinky - common forms of these potteries - include bowls, cups, jugs and jars, pots and small pots. The pottery decoration techniques generally include carved images with wavy and parallel lines, and a unique inlay working technique. Bsed on the the results of these studies, it can be said that Parthian pottery of Qorveh is very similar to samples of Bistoon, Noushijan, Qale-e-Zahak , Qale Yazgerd , Khorhe, Kangavar, Asadabad, Paveh ,Marivan, Salas-e-Babajani, despite having some local characteristics. 

One of the major Islamic sites of Central Province, the site of Moshkin Tape, is located in one and a half miles away New City of Parandak, in a semi-desert region. Due to its geographical location, extent, area, name and other features, Moshkin Tape must probably be the same Moshkuye mentioned in historical texts and historical geography of 4th century AD so far. These areas were systematically reviewed and excavated in 2008, whose part of systematic review of data is presented in the following paper. In this article, the glazed and unglazed potteries scattered in surface areas have been numbered, classified, studied and finally analyzed; first by technical features such as paste, temper and then the classification of their decorative features. It should be noted that based on relative chronology and comparative features of the potteries – which more or less was previously referred to – more scattered surface clay potteries of this area are related to the 12 and 13 AD centuries. But also, among them are potteries about 9 to 12 and 13 to 16 centuries AD. 

Archeology, like any other scientific field of study, is on the move to fundamental changes and evolution, in a way that its transformed view might appear unfamiliar for archeologists belonging to last generations, or those unaware of its recent extensive advancements in two decades. The most important step in promoting archeology was the adoption of archaeological field methods based on scientific principles, with specific issues of cultural studies, field tests and theory making (hypothesis) that is common in all the fields of science today. Thus, the expansion of archaeological science in recent decades and increasing attention to the interaction and the role of environmental resources - and its role in human activities as well as creation of archeological monuments – caused archeologists to be in need of other fields of science, especially basic science and engineering. About fifty years of cooperation of scientists in archeological fields such Geoarchaeology, Paleoethnobotnay, Archaeozoology, Archaeobiology, etc. as a research group, has given a new form to this branch of science. Therefore, having a group of archaeological and geological experts altogether has enhanced the analysis. In this paper it is attempted to discuss the importance of interdisciplinary sciences, methods of recognizing, and the importance of identifying rocks and archaeological studies.