نشریه پیام باستان شناس
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1383)

Trading was one of the important and attractive subjects for the archaeologists and anthropologists in the 70s and 80s A.D. Though The great role of trading is less emphasized in the evolution and development of the cultures and societies, it is still one of the major factors in this sense. The writer believes that without a good understanding of a social organization in a society, surveying the trading system in the society is something if not impossible, so imperfect.

There is no doubt that the remaining Persian litareture is the first main tool to rebuild and report the remaining ancient Iranian languages commemorations and the same is true about ancientI ranian languages . It is obvious that forgetting each ancient Iranian calligraphy doesn’t necessarily mean the death of that language as they are two separate aspects though connected and related . But paying not enough attention to Persian literature after Islam led to a great loss in related researches on ancient Iranian languages . Deciphering the most important Parthian inscription from shapour in kaebe-ye Zartosht (škz) , there is a term in lines five and twelve as ’trwht .The same word in the Sasanian Pahlavi of the inscription is ’twrswhty : (5) ’swry’ hštr W MH ’pr ’swry’ hštr prybr YHW-t hmk ’trwht ’wyrn W wrty’z OBD-t . (12) swry’ hštr kylky’ hštr W kpwtky’ hštr ’trwht ’wyrn W wrty’z OBD-t . (Akbarzadeh: 2003, 36) It is ātrә.saoka- In Avesta and ’trswcy ( burning fire ) and ’tr-swq ( burnt fire ) in Christian Soghdian . Gignoux (Gignoux: 1972, 47) doesn’t write the transliteration of this Prthian term and translated it " to fire" . Back (Back: 1978, 296, 315) translates the word " plunder " and Sprengling (Sprengling: 1953, 16-19) considers both texts in the inscription and translates it "burning fire". Fourtunately, there is a word in Soghdian for this term . It is ’trwh(wγt-) "burning fire " and not " to fire " . This Soghdian term is exactly what we call Āzarbīz and should be noticed while writing the transliteration or translating it . The term ’trwht is made up of two other words ’tr (Avestian ātar ) and wēxt (wēxtan , the infinitive ) . In Sasanian Pahlavi language the infinitive wēxtan means "to sift , to scatter and to fling " . The term Āzarbīz is also seen in Sasanian Pahlavi.

Shah Esmael’s mausoleum, the founder of Safavid’s is one of the most beautiful and glorious monuments of Sheikh Safi - ye - din Ardebili shrine in case of architectural designs and decoration styles. The tomb is located between a tower which is the Sheikh’s shrine and the tomb of Muhi-ye-din (Haramkhaneh). It is probably a part that is added to the building (Maosoleum) later. The tomb has a low and short in width dome which is surrounded by a small narrow room that made it hidden up the two other monuments. This mausoleum is the shrine of a man who established the Safavid dynasty, a dynasty that governed the country for about a quarter of a century. The mausoleum of Shah Esmael is one of those heritted monuments that is not well surveyed and unlike other historic works in this monument being described either they are not noticed at all or just a little mentioned. It could explicitly said that eventhough there is a lot of information about this time in the history of Iran, nothing is done about the architecture of this era by the researchers today. The purpose of this article is to survey the mausoleum of Shah Esmael I according to the archaeological views and inspect the monument considering the historic texts to present an exact and  clear date for this building and identify its position in the collection of Safavid architecture monuments in Ardebil.

Ancient legal documents have got special style of writing in which there is a common traditional style. We have got nine main documents from the cuniforms legal ones and also the Holy Book up to now with lots of similarities in terms of contest, the way of expressing themselves and law concerning definition. 

One of the Typical wares in Iron Age in Iran, is the Spouted vessel. These Vessels, however, are very similar as far as general shape is concerned, and are classified in one group, although there is diversity in details of their shape. Therefore one can classify them on the basis of the form of their different components. In this research, 155 Spouted vessels, that represented in archaeological reports, are studied and classified: The classification is made on the basis of similarity among different samples, and thus 11 classes or types are distinguished. The special distribution of these types demonstrates a distinguishable and particular relationship between different types and regions. On the other hand, the study of the temporal distribution of these types is not precisely possible, because the dating for most of the samples are not precise. Despite, there are not any distinguishable relationship between the types and the different phases of the Iron Age. Therefore, I conclude, that the variation of the shape in the Spouted vessels depend mostly on their spacial distribution, and not on their temporal distribution. 

In order to get accurate , exact geographical data by the use of GPS it is just needed to inspect the expenses of what have been done and to correct it’s failures . This technology ascertains minute positioning as small as a pin point in different weather conditions ,any time during the days and nights so accurately . It is also used to collect and get a great geographical data . GPS is usually used for collecting reliable positioning data in the deserts . It is used with GIS technology in the controlling system of navigation and warships and this is one of the advantages of GPS in relation to classic topography.

Symbolically , Fars appears to have been the most important province of the sasanian empire between the third and seventh centuries A.D. The survival of the Zoroastrianism and it’s vigour in Fars after the Arab Muslim Conquest in attested by various accounts of Muslim historicans and geograp hers . Further , the redaction of many of the middle Persian text in the early . Islamic centuries in the province attests of the strength of Zoroastrianism In this essay attempts to delineate the changes that took place in the administrative geography and the administration of the province of Fars in the late sasanian / early Islamic period . Symbolically , Fars appears to have been the most important province of the Sasanian empire between the third and the seventh centuries A.D. This is made clear by its place within the list of the provinces in the early Sasanian inscriptions , where among the provinces of Ērān-šahr “domain of Iranians ”,it was always held above the rest of the provinces.In the inscription of Ka‘ba Zardošt,Šābūhr I names Fars as the first province of the empire . (Back: 1978, 258) Religiously , the province was the traditional stronghold of Zoroastrianism, where the priests kept the tradition alive .Pābag,the father of Ardaxšīr I,was the priest of the Anāhīd fire temple at Staxr , and it was there that the Sasanian imperial propaganda and aspirations took shape . Although the traditional homeland of Zoroaster’s scene of preaching was the east , where Kauui Wištāspa had accepted the religion , Fars became the stronghold of the religion and the priests from the Achaemenid period onward . The most influential Zoroastrian priest of the third century , Kerdīr , while enumerating the provinces of Ērān-šahr, mentioned (Middle Persian) p’lsy , Fars as the first province. (Gignoux: 1991, 61) Since both imperial and religious authorities were to mention Fars as the first province in the land of Iran and for the Mazda worshipping religion , we can conclude that Fars indeed held a special status at least as the origin of the dynasty.