International Journal of Cancer Management
Volume:11 Issue: 4, Apr 2018

Context: Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer worldwide and the most frequent one among women. Some studies suggest a favorable role of antioxidants on breast cancer, but this is still controversial.
The main objective of this article was to determine the safety and efficacy of antioxidant supplements on breast cancer.
Data Sources: In order to gather evidence, main databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Trip, Google Scholar, Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), SCOPUS, and EMBASE) as well as relevant websites were searched without time limit up to November 2016. We searched with appropriate keywords and strategies. After the quality assessment of studies, study data were extracted by 2 reviewers. Because all the outcomes were dichotomous, relative risk by using the fixed-effects model proposed by Mantel-Hanzel was used in the meta-analysis. I² values were used for the evaluation of heterogeneity. Analyses were conducted, using review manager and CMA Software.
Out of 825 studies, 652 studies were entered firstly and 14 RCTs were selected after the final review. There was not significant difference between Antioxidant and Placebo group in breast cancer incidence (P = 0.88), quality of life (P = 0.79), daily hot-flash score (P = 0.87) and toxicity such as nausea-vomiting (P = 0.87), diarrhea (P = 0.17), constipation (P = 0.35), fatigue (P = 0.14), alopecia (P = 0.22), anemia (P = 0.67), headaches (P = 0.73), leukopenia (P = 0.2), and Neutropenia (P = 0.08).
The results of our meta-analysis do not support the effectiveness of antioxidants in reducing the risk of breast cancer. Also, this study showed that there is no sufficient clinical evidence to support the effectiveness of these supplements during the treatment of patients with breast cancer. It is recommended that clinician do not emphasize on these supplements in breast cancer treatment.

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a key enzyme in de novo lipogenesis pathway. FASN overexpression is a common feature of many human cancers like breast cancer. Furthermore, FASN expression in HER2 - positive cell lines like SKBR3 is more than other cell lines, such as MCF - 7, which are not HER2 - positive. Cichorium intybus is a medicinal herb and methanolic extract of this plant significantly suppressed cell viability and growth in some cancer cells.
In this study, we aimed at investigating the effect of methanolic extract of Cichorium intybus on the FASN expression and, therefore, lipogenesis pathway in human breast cancer SKBR3 cell line.
We assessed the cytotoxicity effect of Chicorium intybus on the cell viability of SKBR3 cells, using MTT assay. In addition, apoptosis rate was assessed by annexinV/PI flow cytometry. Finally, Real time q - PCR was used for the analysis of FASN gene expression.
The results showed that the methanolic extract of Cichorium intybus caused a dose - dependent decrease in the cell viability of SKBR3 cells. Additionally, the treatment of confluent SKBR3 cells with extract led to reduced FASN expression at mRNA level.
These results suggest that Chicorium intybus not only inhibits cell viability in a dose - dependent manner, but also presumably inhibits lipogenesis by markedly decreased FASN expression as a key lipogenic enzyme.

Compared to other breast surgery methods, the accurate determination of pathologic margin in oncoplastic technique can affect its development and further employment of this technique. The current study aimed at evaluating positive pathologic margin after oncoplastic surgery and comparing it to that of the conventional breast-conserving surgery.
The current cross sectional and prospective study enrolled patients with breast cancer referring to the surgical clinic of Tehran Cancer Institute from 2010 to 2013. In this study, patients with breast cancer were evaluated based on the type of surgery (oncoplastic or conventional breast-conserving) they had undergone. Accordingly, the positive or negative result of the margin surgery was compared between the groups.
In the current study, 317 patients with breast cancer underwent the surgery during the study period (154 patients in the oncoplastic and 163 patients in the conventional breast-conserving surgery groups). The highest frequency in the oncoplastic surgery belonged to Omega method (27.3%). The pathological evaluations after surgery showed ductal breast carcinoma in most of the cases in both groups (oncoplastic surgery = 94.2%; conventional breast-conserving surgery = 90.8%; P = 0.053). Positive margin in oncoplastic surgery and conventional breast-conserving surgery groups were 10.4% and 18.4%, respectively (P = 0.043). Among the 317 studied subjects, 14 relapse cases were observed; in 7 cases, mastectomy and in the rest, re-excision were conducted. Two out of 14 cases belonged to the positive margin group.
Using oncoplastic surgery as a method for breast surgery may play an important role in reducing the prevalence of positive margins compared to the conventional breast-conserving surgery.

Daunorubicin (DNR) is capable of killing the human acute myeloid leukemia cells through apoptosis or necrosis with arresting cell cycle and various mechanisms. The response of AML cells to DNR associated with defect and or defiance in survival has been a consideration subject.
We have represented the transcription gene profile of some critical prosurvival proteins by qRT - PCR, including osteopontin (OPN), AKT1, mTOR, β - catenin, and NF - kB/RelB.
The U937 cells were treated with DNR with clinically achievable concentrations for MTT assay, annexin V (AV) /Propidium iodide (PI), and cell cycle analysis. QRT - PCR was performed, using primers of OPN, NF - kB/RelB, AKT1, mTOR, PTEN, and β - catenin.
The AV/PI assay displayed that DNR - induced death in cells was a dose - dependent and necrotic manner. Cell cycle distribution following treatment with DNR exhibited a relatively lower chromatin of S phase than untreated cells. OPN gene expression was significantly attenuated. NF - kB/RelB, mTOR, β - catenin, as well as PTENgenes showed unchanged or non - significant increase in expression. However, AKT1increased significantly.
U937 sensitivity to DNR could be due to the targeting of anti-apoptotic proteins in the transcriptional stages. The decrease in OPNlevels appears to play a significant role in the death of the observed by DNR.

The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in prostate cancer is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between HPV and prostate cancer.
In this case - control study, 133 paraffin embedded and formalin fixed prostate tissues were collected from the archive of pathology laboratory, Tohid Hospital, Sanandaj, Iran. A total of 58 tissues with malignant tumors (cases) and 75 tissues with benign prostatic hyperplasia (controls) were selected. Sections with thickness of 7 μm to 10 μm were prepared by sterile microtome blade. Sections were deparaffinized, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted, and stored at - 20 °C. To detect HPV infection, PCR test was conducted on all samples, using HPV general primers. Also, to detect high - risk HPV genotypes, PCR test was performed, using genotype specific primers. Genotypes of HPV positive samples were confirmed by sequencing.
In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test using HPV general primers, 3 (2.3%) of the 133 samples were positive. Using genotype specific primers, HPV - 18 was positive in 2 (3.4%) of 58 cases and 1 (1.3%) of the 75 controls. The difference of HPV infection between 2 groups was not significant (P = 0.41). Other high - risk genotypes, HPV - 16, HPV - 31, and HPV - 33 were not found in both groups.
The findings of this study do not support the role of HPV in prostate cancer. So, there may be other factors involved in carcinogenesis of the prostate cancer in our population. It is necessary to confirm this result by different detection methods and in other populations.

Radiotherapy is one of the important components of head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment. This treatment method may cause a variety of side effects like oral problems, swelling, and hearing loss.
In this study, the effect of radiotherapy on hearing loss in patients with HNC was investigated.
In this prospective cohort research, patients with head and neck cancer referring to the Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital during 2014 to 2015 were investigated. All of these patients were candidate for radiotherapy as the main treatment. The radiotherapy of patients was done by 3D-computer based treatment planning system, using their CT scan. In order to oncologic assessment, pre- and post-radiotherapy audiologic evaluations were done. The common toxicity criteria for the adverse events (CTCAE V4.02) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) were used for ototoxicity. A bivariate latent variable model was used to assess the effect of received dose on the severity of hearing loss.
In this study, 66 patients with HNC were investigated. Among them, 46 patients (70%) were male. The mean (SD) age of patients was 45.33 (15.11). The incidence rate of hearing loss in these patients was about 18%. The result of statistical modeling showed a positive relationship between severity of HL and received dose of radiation (P In general, the findings of this study showed a direct relationship between radiation dose received by the ears and severity of hearing loss in patients with HNC. In this context, paying more attention to dose-prescription limits and standards for assessing radiation therapy associated ototoxicity are strictly recommended.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest skin cancer in human. It is characterized by a strictly local malignity with a frequent tendency to relapse. BCC development results from the interaction between environmental factors and genetic alterations, including mutations in the TP53 gene involved in its progression and relapse. TP53 gene is named “guardian of the genome”, as it plays major roles in genomic stability. In addition to mutations, several polymorphisms had been detected in the wild-type TP53. The polymorphic variant is usually associated to BCC diseases at codon 72 of TP53 (Arg72Pro).
In the present study, we undertook a case control study to explore a possible association between TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and the predisposition to BCC in Northwest Algerian population.
TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism was investigated by PCR/RFLP then confirmed by DNA sequencing of 61 controls versus 50 BCC cases.
This study allows us to characterize BCC subgroups regarding age, tumor location, and relapse. No correlation was found between any of these criteria and each of the two variants of TP53 Arg72Pro. No association was found between TP53 Arg72Pro variants and developing BCC either (BCC group: Pro = 54%, versus Control group: Pro = 53 %, P > 0.05, OR 1.52 (0.89 - 2.60)). Finally, as expected, sun-exposure was confirmed as a risk factor for BCC.
This study supports that analyzing TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism is of no interest for identifying high-risk subjects for BCC in the Algerian population. Further studies are needed to explain the role of this polymorphism in genetic predisposition to BCC in some other populations.

The central nervous system (CNS) belongs to heterogeneous group of glial and non-glial brain tumors. Increase in the frequency of brain and CNS tumors in Iran have been a cause for debate and concern.
The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of the principal CNS cancers, using CNS cancer data records in a 7-year period in a hospital in Mashhad, Iran.
This study is based on the records of department of surgical pathology, Razavi hospital, Mashhad, Iran. We analyzed 1,164 brain tumors and CNS cancers diagnosed from 2006 to 2013. It includes data on spinal cord tumors, primary brain such as lymphomas, which are hematological malignancies and metastatic tumors originating from external to the central nervous system. The frequency varies widely across this 7-year period.
The majority of brain tumor locations were frontal (13.2%), pituitary (11.7%), parietal (10.6%), Spinal (8.9%), Temporal (8%), and base of skull (6.3%). The most frequently reported histologies were meningiomas (33.6%) and glioblastomamultiforme (15.8%) that are strongly influenced the overall results. Higher numbers for glioblastoma, myxopapillaryependymoma, fibrillary astrocytoma, craniopharyngioma, hemangio-blastoma, oligodendro-glioma, and sarcoma were observed in male than in female patients. Meningioma, neurofibroma, and choroid plexus papilloma were the only tumors with a significant excess in female.
We noted that higher frequency of brain tumors and CNS cancers occurred at age group of 51 to 60 years. Although data are hospital-based, is the first study to delineate the brain tumors and CNS cancers burden in north-east of Iran by age, sex, histology type, anatomical site, and laterality.

Doxorubicin (DOX) therapy is the first step in the treatment of several malignancies such as prostate cancer. Drug resistance is the main drawback of this agent. Royal jelly (RJ), used to prevent or cure many diseases, is a substance produced by honey bee.
The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effect of DOX and RJ on prostate cancer cells, PC3.
Cell viability of the three experimental groups (RJ-treated cells, DOX-treated cells and RJ followed by DOX-treated cells) was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
RJ-treatment increased the cytotoxic effect of DOX on PC3 cells. Namely, the effect of low dose of DOX in combination with RJ was approximately similar to that of high dose of DOX without RJ combination.
Any natural substances that amplify the cytotoxic effect of DOX and have the potential to save normal cells can be potentially used as a therapeutic agent which can decrease the side effects of DOX-treatment. RJ has shown to play this role in the present study.

Given the prevalence of abnormal post-menopausal bleeding and the importance of its early examination for ensuring the timely diagnosis of any malignancies, the present study was conducted to investigate uterine pathologies in relation to post-menopausal bleeding patterns and endometrial thickness as observed in transvaginal ultrasounds and to offer models for predicting endometrial cancer.
The present descriptive-analytical cross sectional study was conducted on 112 post-menopausal women presenting to Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol, Iran. The patients underwent a transvaginal ultrasound and hysteroscopy and their samples were sent for pathological examination. The logistic regression model and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used. This study presents 3 models for predicting endometrial cancer, including AM30 [which considers the subject’s amount of bleeding, Menopause age and BMI (Body Mass Index) for assessing her risk of endometrial cancer], AMD30 (which additionally considers the subject’s history of diabetes) and AMDI30 (which additionally considers the subject’s history of internal diseases).
Menopause age, amount of bleeding, BMI, and history of internal diseases were significantly linked to endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women with abnormal bleeding; that is, the variables were higher in this group than in those without cancer (P = 0.007, P = 0.004, P = 0.001, and P = 0.02). The three models defined, i.e. AM30, AMD30, and AMI30 had a high area under the ROC curve and could predict endometrial cancer with a proper sensitivity and specificity in post-menopausal women with vaginal bleeding. There were no statistically significant differences among these models, although the AMI30 model had a higher area under the ROC curve compared to the other two models (P = 0.29).
The present study recommends these three predictive models as alternatives for predicting endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women with vaginal bleeding.