مجله تحقیقات سلامت در جامعه
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1396)

Introduction and The growing trend of using antibiotics to control human and animal diseases and lack of attention to the disposal of medical, hospital, and pharmaceutical industry wastes have led to the emergence of environmental problems. regarding this, the present study was conducted to determine the antibiotic degradation of ciprofloxacin during the composting process.
The present experimental study was conducted using a mixture of livestock manure, fruit residue, straw, and sludge to prepare compost over 40 days. Ciprofloxacin was added to the compost reactors at three concentrations of 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The temperature, humidity, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and pH of the compost were monitored, and reactor sampling was performed weekly. The analysis of antibiotics was accomplished using a high-performance liquid chromatography. The data were analyzed through the one-way ANOVA in the SPSS software (version 22).
According to the results, the rates of ciprofloxacin degradation at day 21 and end of the thermophilic phase were 89.47, 88.81, and 86.46% in reactors 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. At the end of the process, all three reactors had the removal rate of 99.99%. Moreover, the physio-chemical properties of the final compost were within the national standard.
As the findings indicated, the use of aerobic composting process to degrade ciprofloxacin is an economical, effective, and environmentally friendly method. Accordingly, at the end of the process, 99.99% of ciprofloxacin was degraded.

Introduction and Job satisfaction is an understanding of the individual's inner responses, and researchers have referred to it as the most efficient concept for expressing an individual's assessment of the conditions in the work environment (activity and supervision). They believe that those who are more satisfied with their job are more committed to their organization. We aimed to determine the level of job satisfaction among the staff of one of the banks in Mazandaran Province, Iran, and its relation with a number of components.
The required information was collected using the self-rated questionnaire of job descriptive index (JDI) from all the bank employees through the census sampling method. This questionnaire comprises 70 items and 6 subscales work (22 items), supervision (14 items), colleagues (11 items), pay (7 items), promotion (9 items), and work environment (7 items). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.
The mean age of the staff was 33.25 years (range: 27 to 48 years). The mean satisfaction score was 79.70. The lowest satisfaction rate pertained to pay and the highest belonged to direct supervision. We found a significant relationship between high job experience (more than 10 years) and employee satisfaction with components such as pay (P=0.045), promotion (P=0.012), colleagues (P=0.026), and work environment (P=0.001). Moreover, we found a significant association between age (less than 30 years) and satisfaction with pay (P=0.047).
Our findings showed that increasing pay and benefits, optimizing progress opportunities, and improving working environment could enhance job satisfaction among employees.

Introduction and Aniline is a simple aromatic compound that has a wide application in various industries. This compound has mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Given the solubility and high toxicity of aniline, the entrance of this compound into the surface and ground water can endanger human and environment and disturb aqueous species life . Regarding this, the present study was conducted to investigate the elimination of aniline from aqueous solutions by means of Arachis hypogaea ash.
The equilibrium adsorption level was determined as a function of the solution pH (i.e., 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11), contact time (i.e., 20-150 min), adsorbent doses (i.e., 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, and 1.5 g/L), and aniline initial concentration (i.e., 20-150 mg/L). Adsorption kinetic was assessed using pseudo first order, pseudo second order, and Elovich kinetics.
According to the results, Arachis hypogaea ash was capable of reducing aniline by 65% at the pH of 7, initial aniline concentration of 90 mg/ L, contact time of 120 min, and dosage of 0.8 g/L. Regarding the adsorption kinetics, and a second-order equation resulted in the achievement of the best fit.
As the finding indicated, Arachis hypogaea ash as an inexpensive absorbent was a quite effective substance for the removal of aniline from water and wastewater.

Introduction and Job satisfaction is a measure of positive feelings and attitudes that people hold about their job. It seems that job atisfaction is an important factor affecting mental health. We aimed to determine the relationship between job satisfaction and mental health in nurses.
This cross-sectional study was performed in 2016 on 250 nurses in hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Sampling was performed through stratified random sampling method in proportion to the number of nurses in hospital wards. The inclusion criterion was at least one year of work experience in nursing. Data were collected by using the 28-item Mental Health Questionnaire, the standard job satisfaction questionnaire (19 items), and a socio-demographic information form. To analyze the data, descriptive tests, Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient were used in SPSS.
The mean of age of the nurses was 31.71±5.83 years. The mental health average score was 19.42±11.49, indicating poor mental health. The mean job satisfaction score was 57.62±10.60, demonstrating very high job satisfaction. There was a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and mental health problems, that is, with increasing job satisfaction, mental health problems are reduced (r= - 0.15, P=0.01).
According to our results, there was a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and mental health. In other words, by increasing job satisfaction, mental health disorders can be reduced. Therefore, the results of this study can be used by policy makers to improve the nursing profession and adopt the necessary measures designed to promote job satisfaction.

Introduction and Bread is of particular importance as a supplier of portions of calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals needed by the body.
According to the reasoned action theory, attitudes and subjective norms are factors that influence the individual's intention to do one's behavior and ultimately to do that behavior. Since consumers prefer packed bread to non-packed bread, we aimed to design a valid questionnaire on the factors affecting the use of packed bread compared to non-packed using the reasoned action theory.
This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study. We designed a questionnaire according to the theory of reasoned action and based on three sessions of focused group discussion and interviews with nutrition specialists. Content and face validity of the scale was established by a panel of 11 experts. To confirm the reliability of the scale, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was applied.
The first draft of the questionnaire contained 51 items. After determining the validity and reliability of the items, 44 items remained, 17 of which were on attitude, 10 on subjective norms, 9 on behavioral intention, and 8 on nutritional behavior. For the final questionnaire, the average content validity index was calculated to be 0.90 and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was 0.83.
The results suggested that the developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool, and it can be used to identify the factors affecting consumer's preferences regarding the use of packed bread compared to non-packed bread using the reasoned action theory.

Introduction and Phenol is one of the common pollutants found in many industrial effluents , which affects the environment and human health due to its special features like high toxicity and carcinogenic properties. The use of adsorbents is one of the most effective strategies for the removal of phenol. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of Citrullus colocynthis shell ash as a natural adsorbent in phenol removal from aqueous solutions.
This was an experimental study, where the effect of different variables such as the initial phenol concentrations (i.e., 10, 20, 50, 80, and 100 ppm), contact time (i.e., 2, 5, 10, and 30 min), adsorbent dose (i.e., 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 g/L) and pH (2-12) were studied. Then, the adsorption process was described with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms at controlled temperatures. Excel software was used for data analysis.
The results revealed that the highest removal rate of phenol was obtained at pH of 2 (79.8%), primary phenol concentration of 20 ppm (66.4%), adsorbent dose of 5 g/l (86.8%), and contact time of 10 minutes. Also, the correlation coefficients of isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir) showed that phenol adsorption by Citrullus colocynthis shell ash had more accordance with the Freundlich model than the Langmuir model.
We found that Citrullus colocynthis shell ash can be used as a lowcost and accessible adsorbent for phenol removal from aqueous solutions.

Introduction and Lifestyle is one of the most important indicators of improvement in the quality of life. Given the important role of staff as a valuable human resource, we aimed to determine different dimensions of lifestyle in employees of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, azandaran, Iran, in 2017.
A descriptive cross-sectional study of 186 employees was carried out. The participants were chosen through the stratified random sampling method. The Life Style Questionnaire (LSQ) was used to evaluate lifestyle. To analyze the data, we used descriptive statistics, t-test, Chi-square test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and linear regression test in SPSS.
The mean score of staff lifestyle was 206±22.21 (out of a total of 272 points). The lifestyle status in 59.4% of the cases was good. The lowest score was related to exercise and health. Women had higher scores in the prevention of accidents and men obtained higher scores in the domain of exercise and health. There was a significant relationship between gender and exercise and health (P=0.026), marital status and avoidance of medications and illicit drugs (P=0.036), age and prevention of accidents (P=0.005), body mass index and overall lifestyle status of the staff (P=0.004), weight control and nutrition (P=0.001), as well as disease prevention and spiritual health (P=0.001).
Although the majority of employees had a moderate and good lifestyle, the domains of exercise and health, weight, and nutrition were not in a desirable status. We recommend adopting proper interventions for improving staff health in these domains.

Introduction and Knowledge and attitude of administrators regarding accreditation play a significant role in its successful implementation. Thus, designing and implementing a survey is necessary to evaluate knowledge and attitudes of hospital executive management teams in the accreditation of Abadan and Khorramshahr hospitals, Iran.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the first half of 2017. The statistical population of this study consisted of all members of the executive management teams of Abadan and Khorramshahr hospitals. The sampling method was census-based and the sample size was 46 persons. Data collection was conducted by using a questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were already confirmed. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics.
More than half of the participants had a great amount of knowledge about the requirements, goals, principles, and concepts of accreditation standards, as well as the need to participate in accreditation courses. More than 50% of the participants also had high expectations and positive attitudes towards the impact of accreditation on increasing public trust, improving the face of hospital, enhancing service quality, increasing patient satisfaction, raising safety and services, and improving hospital processes. There was a non-significant relationship between knowledge and attitude among the participants.
Regarding the average awareness of hospital managers about accreditation, education and awareness-raising among them seems to be necessary. Considering the high score of managers’ attitudes and expectations regarding accreditation, the process of accreditation in these hospitals is hoped to be more effective, such that it will result in higher patient safety and satisfaction.