فصلنامه شعر پژوهی (بوستان ادب)
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 35، بهار 1397)

One of the significant aspects of human rights in international conflicts that actually has greater executive power than other relevant provisions is the rules governing the treatment of prisoners of war. Among the international treaties, the Third Geneva Convention, adopted in 1949, is the most important and the most comprehensive document on the protection of the rights of prisoners of war. Captivity and discussion about the rights of prisoners of wars is one of the remarkable issues in Shahnameh that is seen during the wars and with various and sometimes different patterns by the poet. Since Shahnameh includes the customs and laws of war and represents Iranian civilization as well as other ethnicities of the ancient times in this area, it is one of the richest and important resources that can reveal aspects of rituals and policies of governments about the rights of prisoners in different historical periods. This study aims to evaluate different aspects of the rights of prisoners of war in Shahnameh based on the articles and provisions of the Third Geneva Convention. It is argued that Iranian kings in Shahnameh in comparison to non-Iranian kings were more committed to the human dignity and rights of prisoners of war and behaved more humanely towards them. On the other hand, respecting the rights of prisoners of war in the historical period, especially among the Sassanid Kings, is more tangible than the other two periods and it mainly covers securing the prisoners.

Archetypal criticism is an important approach in contemporary literary criticism exploring the nature of archetypes and their roles in literature. Like many other literary works, mystical works symbolically reflect archetypes. The present study is a Jungian reading of the “Story of the Righteous Woman” in Attar’s Ilahi Nameh. In the present research, the authors have endeavored to briefly introduce theoretical foundations of Jung’s viewpoint and the archetypes he took into consideration with a descriptive-analytic approach. Focusing on the characters, situations, and archetypal symbols, the study aims at analyzing the story, illustrating not only the powerful capabilities of the work in the field of human unconscious, but also the great number of archetypes employed. The righteous woman who is the heroin goes on a quest overcoming the collective unconscious forces such as the sage, rebirth, animus, shadow, and persona, achieving awareness and individualism. Thus she accomplishes the stages of solook (sacred journey) in the best way possible.

The paper is a study of time and narrative in two poems by Akhavan Sales, Khan-e-Hashtom and Adamak based on Gérard Genette. Order, frequency, duration, voice and mode are analyzed in these poems. There is an outside narrator whose views are expressed sometimes directly and sometimes through the characters of the narrative. The poet considers people as implied audience using poetry as a tool to deliver his thoughts. He is not limiting his narrative to a certain time so that it can be applied to any era. From the perspective of Polyphony, the poems are two single monophony and poet mocked modernism approach (TV) and sought to express the idea that modernism in traditional societies, creating polyphony cannot be imported. From the perspective of Polyphony, the poems use monophony as the poet mocks modernist technology (TV) expressing the idea that imported modernism cannot create polyphony in traditional societies.

Identity is influenced by different factors resulting from to self-identification status in the social environment. "Who am I?" is an issue which has been with human beings since the beginning of creation. Literature, especially poetry is one of the effective elements that plays a major role in recognizing poet's identity. This article compares two poems, one by Mahmoud Darwish, "Write Down I Am an Arab", and another one by Sohrab Sepehri, "I am from Kashan" in order to reach the concept of identity and the similarities and differences these two poets have. An analysis of the social, geographical and political environment of the two countries, Iran and Palestine, is discussed in order to approach identity formation in these poems. It is argued that social and political atmosphere has a considerable impact on the incidence of identity element. Sepehri combines aspects of identity with the different concepts such as suffering, spirituality and while Mahmoud Darwish has an emphasis on language and ethnicity.

There are many shared elements in all cultures finding of which helps to bring them closer. One similarity between Persian literature and the literature of other cultures is abandoned children who finally return to their home and origin and achieving better fortune. Some characters such as Keyqobad, Zal, Fereydun and Darab are regarded with hatred and abandoned in Shahnameh, yet they achieve power and heroism after going through some events. In mythological texts and epics of the world, there are also some stories which focus on the abandonment and rejection of a child from the family. All of these children who have been abandoned reach adulthood going through some difficulties and rites of passage to become heroes or kings. The structural analysis of these stories reveals that all of them share almost the same pattern such as powerful individual who rejects, the abandoned child, the place of deportation, the obstacle, the saver and finally destiny. In these stories those who abandon are frightened or fear these children. In fact, two main reasons cause the abandonment of these children, the first is the fear of future events and the second is parent's hatred of these children who are unwanted or have some disability.

Many critics believe that early poetry anthologies of Forough Farrokhzad (1935-1967) indicate the emergence of a poet breaking down traditions in expressing explicit and frank female emotions. Traditional morality could not bear this trilogy; criticism and protests of the traditional society of the time prove the lack of acceptance towards this divergence and candor. What Forough Farrokhzad expressed in this trilogy was a requisite to her feminine search for identity and love. Rebirth and Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the cold Season proved her search for identity and love connected with regard ti her femininity clearly. In this paper these two components are discussed and investigated as two modern moral categories in her poems. Morality under the influence of modernism is finding an illustrious status in Forough`s poetry especially in her latter two anthologies. It is argued that Forough`s poems are content oriented and has a special tendency towards morality, especially morality that is changed deeply coming face to face with modernism. In Forough`s poetry we face three entangled kinds of identity: Human identity, Feminine identity and individual identity.

Creation myth is one of the central concepts of world mythology. In this study symbols used in Mantiq ut Tayr are analyzed with regards to creation myth. Attar starts the books with a description of divine creation in order to tell the story of the creation of the world. Using mandala like imagery he discusses the correspondence between an atom and the universe and the unification of thirty birds with Simurgh in order to give credit to the myth of the origin; thus he has recreated the creation myth. The heroes pass the rite of passage tests moving from chaos to heavenly stability. In this analysis and comparison, Mantiq ut-Tayr starts with the story of creation and ends with the story of recreation of creation through the myth origin. Atom, Mandala, Simurgh, Mount Qaf, seven paths, kingdom of Simurgh and voyage are reminders of the myth of origin which is retrieving and uniting with the virtues of the beginnings.

One of the remarkable stories of Masnavi is the story of the king, the slave girl and the gold smith at the beginning of the first book. This story existed in various forms before Rumi while it gets the special narrative features of Masnavi. This story has been discussed and analyzed from different approaches while a psychological approach has not been attempted before. Freud's views are applied as well as elaboration of mystical views so the approach is a combination of both in discussing the narrative.

Poetry and history belong to two different domains and their compatibility seems odd. Poetry has roots in imagination while history is based on reality but sometimes they are intertwined and a historical text uses poetry while a poem may benefit from history. Poetry as a beneficial and constructive tool has a strong presence in historical texts and plays several functions such as literary, historical, referential and interpretational. In this study two texts, Taikh-I Bayhaqi and Tarikh-I Fakhri are analyzed to see how each writer has used poetry. It is argued that using poetry has mostly a literary function. Interpretational and historical functions are less frequent.