نشریه کلام اسلامی
پیاپی 104 (زمستان 1396)

Unity of God in his attributes is one of the branches of theoretical unity of God, which has two meanings: “not- similarity of God with any being in his perfect attributes and unity of affirmative qualities of God with his essence” and “transcendence of God from qualities which are out of his essence. In this paper, the unity of God in his attributes has been explained in two ways: reason and narration. Subsequently, incorrect views on these attributes, i.e., “theory of vicarship of essence of God from his attributes” and the “theory of being of attributes of God out of his essence” and “theory of Hall” have been challenged.

The method of “rationalism” is a general term that refers to any system of thought that gives a major role to reason. The method of rationalism is divided into philosophical rationalism and non-philosophical rationalism. The "method of philosophical rationalism" is a philosophical approach to theological doctrines that attempts to present a rational explanation of theological doctrines, using the methodology, foundations, and philosophical literature. Through this research, it becomes clear that the components of the philosophical rationalism method are: the focus on rational certainty; the foundation of theoretical propositions on self-evident ones; the use of philosophical rules and the use of philosophical language. The works of the theology, which are based on the philosophical rationalist method, often have the same mode of compilation, in which, before entering into the problems of theology, a series of epistemological and philosophical issues, that underlie the study of the problems of theology, are raised.

One of the important issues in the history of the Imamiyah’s theology is the position of the Imams (AS) towards theology and their role in the formation and expansion of this science. In this article, first, the position of the infallible Imams concerning theologians is addressed, and it is shown that, although there has been some disagreement with the theologians for certain reasons - such as neglect of some sources of revelation, the use of wrong methods in theology and possibly some ethical problem among theologians- the Imams (AS) themselves have taught theologians and taught them the right ways of understanding, theorizing, and theological debate. In the following, the role of the Imams (AS) in the presentation of theological doctrines has been shown. In many cases, such as the main topics of unity of God and justice, other theologians of other Islamic dominations have been influenced by their teachings. At the end, some of the differences between the views of the Imams (AS) and other theological denominations, such as Mutazilites and Ahl Hadith, have also been mentioned.

The science of Islamic theology was formed in the second and third centuries of the Hijri as an independent knowledge with specific rules and methods. In this regard, the Shiite theologians, with the centrality of personalities such as Hisham bin Hakam, Hisham bin Salem, Momen Taq, and Fazl ibn Shazan, played a unique role in the formation and development of it; Even in scientific academia, Imamiyah's Theologians were more well-known than the other theologians like Mutazilites, Khavarej and Morjeies and they were superior than them; They put forward new theories in the light of the teachings of the Ahlul-Bayt (as) and wrote important works on various theological issues and nurtured students who played important role in the formation and perfection of theology. Books written by Shia scholars to refutes others in theological issues are one of the most important indicators of this active presence and significant engagement. These books, in addition to criticizing the ideas of non-Muslims such as Christians, Manicheans, Hindus and Jews, refuted and criticized the opinions of Islamic other theologians such as Mutazilites, Khawarij, Morje’e and Ahl Hadith. This approach has been specifically analyzed and explained in this paper, because it has brought about the growth of theology and the history of thought.

The fourth and fifth centuries are the most important periods in the history of Islamic civilization. During this period, with the coming of the Shiite government of Buyid dynasty in Baghdad and other Shii governments in Islamic major centers, Islamic civilization experienced one of the most salient periods. Meanwhile, the Imamiyah’s theologians of the Baghdad School, such as Nobakhties, Sheikh Mofid, Seyyed Murtaza and Sheikh Tusi, played a major role in the development of Islamic sciences and Islamic culture and civilization.
In addition to theology, the Nobakhties, for centuries, have been a reliable reference for thinkers in the field of the history of thought, wrote works such as "al-Ara’a Va al-Dianat". Likewise, Sheikh Mofid and his students, with the writing of hundreds of works such as Avael al-Maghlat, Al-zaqirah, Al-Shafi and Al-Eqtesad, left a precious heritage in Islamic sciences, which has so far been regarded as one of the most prestigious scholarly works of Imamiyah. The Imamiyah’s theologians of Baghdad school, by establishing libraries and religious schools, trained students in theology, who, in returning to their homeland, spread theology in the Islamic lands, and ultimately, the flood of scientific treatises and scientific writings, containing the controversial questions and controversies of the writers, flowed to Baghdad. These evidences suggest that the Imamiyah’s theologians of the Baghdad School played an important role in the development of Islamic sciences.

In recent years, serious and scholarly studies have taken place in recognizing the schools, issues, and phases of Imamiyah, and it is natural that a large part of them are devoted to the field of Hella’s school and the theological beliefs in this school.
However, the research does not yet seem adequate; and showing the function of theologians raised in the Helle, the largest scientific center in the seventh and eighth centuries of the Hijra and the illuminated light of the science in the Mongol Ilkhan era, is one of the research needs that still require new research. This is what has been discussed in this article and attempted to use the historical analytic method to highlight some of these functions and introduce the role of Allamah Helli, the great scholar of the Hilla area. The result of this study is that scholars of Hilla, especially Allameh Helli, in addition to the efforts in the development of the Shiite school and educational activities in the establishment of various schools and ambulant schools, as well as book writing and education of multiple students, disagreed with literalists (Zahirites) and defended philosophical rationalism and could introduce the principle of Imamate as the only and the most complete version for the liberation of the Islamic society from the crisis of the vacuum of legitimate sovereignty.