Hypoxia is one of the major threats to human health in high altitude. Considering the importance of hypoxia experience by military pilots and educating them how to deal with this condition, this study was designed to assess the applicability of King-Devick (K-D) test in early recognition of cognitive impairments due to induced hypoxia.
Totally, 60 military pilots who were candidate to experience hypoxia in hypobaric chamber were randomly enrolled the study. Study process included the following steps: training, filling the questionnaire, K-D test in normoxic condition, denitrogenation, preparation for hypoxia, Eustachian tube performance test, simulating 25,000 ft altitude, K-D test in hypoxic condition, reusing oxygen mask.
The mean age of candidates was 31.78±7.74 years. About 46.7% of them had normal weight and 53.3% were overweight and 31.7% were smokers. The average flight time was 1168.35±1345.21 hours. The average K-D time in normoxic condition was 45.54±5.43 seconds and 71.7% of pilots had no mistake in reading numbers. The mean K-D time in hypoxic condition was 52.98±5.86 and 98.3% of pilots made 1 to 11 mistakes. Results show that smokers significantly had longer K-D time than non-smokers. There was no other significant difference between groups in terms of average K-D time and number of mistakes.
It seems that this study was the first one using K-D test in early recognition of cognitive impairments due to induced hypoxia in military pilots. It revealed that smoking significantly increases K-D time. Other factors like age, weight, and flight time did not show significant impact on K-D time and number of errors.

In medical and hospital settings, a nutritious, healthy, and safe diet is an essential foundation for treatment and improvement of patients. Today, one of the most important strategies used to ensure the safety of food is HACCP system (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points). In this study, we tried to evaluate the safety and hygienic status of food production in one of IRI army forces hospitals and also the need for a HACCP food safety assurance system.
In a cross-sectional study 18 staffs working in kitchen of the hospital were enrolled and then by a questionnaire, their knowledge, attitude, and practice about evaluation of the hygienic quality of food and its production and supply were assessed.
The findings showed that the score of knowledge, attitude, and practice of subjects were 60.05%, 82.32%, and 89.81%, respectively. The participants had a weaker position in cases of food pathogens, food storage temperature, and cooking methods. While most of the questions about attitude were correctly responded, about 70% of participants mistakenly indicated that the first purpose of the kitchen set was to provide delicious and not safe food.
Since the raw material received in this collection do not follow the HACCP standards; therefore it seems that more study and planning are necessary in designing and implementing of this program.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the most common non-articular musculoskeletal pains. According to the previous investigations, the stimulation of brain's motor cortex is effective in reducing pain in patients who are resistant to treatment. The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is applied as a non-invasive method on the treatment of these patients. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on the treatment of patients with cervical myofascial pain syndrome.
In this randomized controlled clinical trial, the patients were randomly selected and assigned into two groups: tDCS and sham-tDCS (control) on primary motor cortex (M1) following standard treatment for 10 sessions. The main outcomes including pain intensity with visual analogue scale (VAS), pressure pain threshold, neck and shoulder range of motion, and neck disability index have been measured and compared between two groups before and immediately after the end of treatment sessions, and also at four and eight weeks follow-up.
The VAS scores before, immediately after, and at 8-week after the treatment were 5.3, 2.7, and 3.7 in tDCS group, and 5, 3.5, and 3.8 in control group, respectively (p=0.001). Neck disability index before, immediately after, and at 8-week after the treatment were 16.9, 6.7, and 8.4 in tDCS group, and 18.8, 9.9, and 13 in control group, respectively (p=0.0001). Pressure pain threshold and neck and shoulder range of motion showed a significant level. There were no significant differences between two groups.
Application of trans-cranial direct current stimulation did not show a significant effect on improvement of pain and disability in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. Further investigation regarding comparison of tDCS and other methods is highly recommended on the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome.

Inactivity may result in loss of muscle volume and subsequently reduce the power, by activating proteasome signaling pathways, which leads to a decrease in quality and expectations of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity training and also detraining on the signaling pathways of FOXO3a, MAFbx, and MuRF1.
In this study, 32 2-month male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. At first, periodic exercise with intensity of 85-100% VO2max was performed for six weeks. Then, the groups (detrained for 48h, 7w, and 14w) were detrained and then soleus muscle was removed from hind limb. H&E staining and histochemical procedure were used to measure the amount and percentage of skeletal muscle fibers type. Also, RT-PCR method was used to examine gene changes.
The mean weight of the soleus muscle increased after exercise and decreased significantly after detraining (p=0.001).The fiber type conversion were happened from I to IIA (p=0.001). Hypertrophy was observed in fibers after training, whereas atrophy was seen after detraining in type II fibers (p=0.001). FOXO3a and MAFbx levels were significantly increased after training and decreased after detraining period (p=0.001).The MuRF1 expression shown an increase and a decrease after training and detraining, respectively (p=0.001).
The results of this study indicated that the exercise couldn’t prevent atrophy during the period of detraining. Also, the activation of pathway FOXO3a/MAFbx, not the FOXO3a/ MuRF1, is the atrophy inducer during detraining. In this regard, probably MuRF1 is an indirect target of FOXO3a and cannot always be an appropriate marker of atrophy. MuRF1 probably plays a more important role in pathological atrophy conditions.

Sleep quality has a significant impact on the psychological aspects of people and can be change by biological aspects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the components of sleep quality based on the morning and evening and the role of reinforcement sensitivity theory and gender.
The research design was ex-post facto. For this purpose, initially 490 students of Bu-Ali-Sina University were selected and morning/evening questionnaires were distributed among them. Then, 135 participants were selected for the second stage according to the obtained scores in the morning and evening questionnaires, in the form Morningness and eveningness and intermediate individuals. Finally, Sleep quality scale and sensitivity to reward and punishment scale in order to collect data were distributed among study participants.
Our findings indicated significant differences among components of sleep quality based on the types of Morningness and eveningness and intermediate (p It seems that individual differences in circadian cycles, plays an important role in sleep quality.

Diabetes is a widespread, malignant and progressive disease. People who suffer from diabetes experience different psychological and physical disorders during and after treatment. This paper was done to study the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on decreasing depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with diabetes type-1.
The quasi-experimental method with control and experimental group, which is based on pre and post tests was used in this study. After completing the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) questionnaire, 20 participants who had the criteria for this research, were chosen and divided into two groups of 10, experimental and control (waiting for treatment) group. Experimental group recevied eight sessions of intervention of ACT and no intervention was done for control group. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance with repeated measurements using SPSS-20 software.
The findings showed that intervention based on ACT caused a significant reduction (p=0.01) in depression and anxiety symptoms in experimental group compared to the control group. So that subjects’ scores in experimental group had more meaningful reduction than the control group.
The results of this research showed that treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy can be effective on decreasing depression and anxiety symptoms of patients with diabetes type-1.

There are limited information on the toxicity and gene damage of nanoparticles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesis using Cassia fistula aqueous extract.
For this purpose, silver nitrate solution and aqueous extract of C. fistula fruit were mixed at a ratio of 9:1, respectively. After color changing, the formation of AgNPs was assessed by spectrophotometer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Then, mutagenic potential of nanoparticles was studied by Ames test. Finally, the cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles on 4T1 cell line were assessed at 24 and 48 hours.
The color changing of solution was observed after 16 hours that indicated the production of AgNPs. The presence of silver nanoparticles confirmed by spectrophotometer, XRD and TEM micrographs. DLS test revealed that the size of most nanoparticles ranges from 3.6 to 4.5 nm. Ames test showed that AgNPs did not show mutagenic activity at none of the tested dilutions. Also, MTT test results confirmed the dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of biosynthesized nanoparticles on 4T1 cell line.
The results indicated that the silver nanoparticles could be considered as a suitable option in variou`s industries. Although, the side effects of silver nanoparticles should be studied more accurate.

In recent years with the increasing popularity of non­invasive and low-invasive methods, the smart clothing application - either as professional recognizing tools for medical analysis or in domestic usage- has increased. Such systems could be in service of tele­medicine and aero-military medicine as well.
In this article, after systematic review on previous researches, the paper made a report on author’s research project in AJA University of Medical Science about smart clothing design for pilots. The report aimed to point out the process, models, conceptual design, specifications and capabilities of this multi-parametric sensing system, alongside with the future challenges of applying these healthcare systems.
Information received from this system could be stored as pilot's health database and used for long-term monitoring, screening and operational interpretations. Another application is online monitoring of vital signs that could be integrated with neurofeedback operations in military context.
Success of these products not only relies on applying user­centered methods but also depends on technical test loops and usability analysis. Moreover, it’s essential to overcome on some issues of ethics, reliability, inter-operability, user acceptance of technology and technical development challenges for widespread and efficient applications in future.