نشریه مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 50 (بهار 1397)

The success of a public urban space is in attraction of the citizens to itself. The climate conditions and the conditions of thermal comfort are factors affecting the usage pattern of pedestrians in public urban spaces. In general, awareness of sensory information and understanding of the complex process called the perception of them. Psychological aspects and its impact on the evaluation of thermal comfort make a different perception of thermal sensation. Adaptation is the most important psychological factors affecting thermal comfort perception. with the focus on functional factors, factors were evaluated in the case studies using inductive and deductive methods and survey studies. In the objective section, after collecting climate data required for urban areas studied and at different times of the day and in both the cold and warm seasons (January and July), analysis was performed. In the mental section, after extracting the studied variables such as personal characteristics, the reason and time of exposure, type and amount of activities, etc. the variables were assessed by observation, collaborative approachand using the views of pedestrians in the case studies. Then, a part of the results of questionnaire was analyzed in terms of causal relationships and correlation using SPSS software and another part was analyzed qualitatively. In order to prepare the questionnaire, some questions were set corresponding to each criterion. It was designed based on 5-option Likert scale. Reliability analysis and alpha coefficient were used to analyze the accuracy of the questions and to measure the level of appropriateness of the research tools. According to the Cochran formula, sample size was totally estimated 390 for both cold and warm seasons (the peak of cold and heat and lack of thermal comfort in Tehran Town) and both case studied. With the inclusion of some questionnaires with runtime errorsof thermal comfort and environmental psychology were asked to revise the questionnaire. 50 questionnaire were firstly considered as Pretest and then 150 questionnaires were filled out (that is, a total of 200 for the winter) and 200 other questionnaires were filled out in the summer. In the present study, case studies are two historical urban spaces located in the center of Tehran Town: Imam Khomeini (AS) Square) that named in this article’s analyzes as place 1) and Imam Hussain Square) that named in this article’s analyzes as place 2). Also, in Imam Hussain (AS) Square, there is a 17th Shahrivar walkway which is connected to the square and there is a Bab-e Homayun walkway in Imam Khomeini Square. Considering the emphasis on the conditions of thermal discomfort as the assumption of this research, two selected urban spaces were investigated during the times from 8:00 to 20:00 in the warmest and coldest days of the year. In present study, in summary, only 12:00 as the warmest day in summer (for Imam Khomeini Square) and 18:00 as the coldest day in winter (for Imam Hossein Square) were presented as a spatial examples and in the form of thermal comfort simulation maps. Because at these times, the intensity of heat and cold increases (due to the sun radiation). Also , In order to evaluate physical adaptation, the responses examined, in both warm and cold seasons, leaving the space in the later place is more compared to the former place. Since this factor is influenced by thermal adaption, it emphasizes the superiority of the former place on the second one in terms of thermal adaptation. It should be noted that in the first place where street restaurants exist, people have easy access to food and drink after a feeling of discomfort, but there are fewer such facilities in the second place. As a conclusion it should be noted that the main objective of present study is: to change urban planners’ perspective from prioritizing physical comfort (whether thermal comfort of its other types such as light, smell, visual comfort, etc.) to promoting psychological aspects of environment.

Urban public space as the location of the crystallization of social action is a reflection of the distinctions between different social groups. In relation to resources within the space, these interactions exist in the form of spaces that have led to space demarcation by limiting the presence of different social groups, following that spatial form. The present study aims to identify the factors affecting the boundaries of urban public spaces and studying the role of social distinctions, with emphasis on the integrated approach based on thinkers such as simoel and Bourdieu, in an attempt to study hypotheses based on theoretical framework based on theoretical framework. for this purpose , with emphasis on criteria such as pattern of social interaction, how to use and monopoly space, social distance; tendency to segregation and in the way of analysis of the relationship between social boundaries and social distinctions, in central area of Tehran . The results show that although class distinctions have been an effective and undeniable support in the formation of, most of them are used to map boundaries within urban spaces.

Today's architecture has no roots in its past, given the changes and changes of the present century. In the interaction with local culture, it has been subject to a considerable distance; hence, the emotion of residents to spaces has decreased and the sense of belonging as a factor for the transformation of spaces to spaces with specific sensory and behavioral properties has been eroded. In spite of past architecture, this is part of the culture embedded in it and the architecture form as a platform for conveying cultural message. The aim of this study is to find the methods of culture in past architecture and how they affect the sensing of belonging to the location in today s architecture. The present study is qualitative in nature and its method is descriptive - analytic and its method is derived from library sources and field information in order to collect information. the results of this study show that the elements of localization of culture in past architecture are: with self, others, nature and god, security, self - centrality, reflection, geometry, hierarchy, transparency, continuity, continuity and after focusing on the concept of belonging to location and classification and definition of environmental, individual and semantic factors affect the determinants of culture in the aforementioned factors and the theoretical model is formulated; utilizing them can be effective in enhancing the sense of belonging to the location of modern spaces.

One of the most important dimensions of sustainable rural development theories is economic development along with social and ecological development. In the meantime, tourism in rural communities has a very important role in their economic development and is one of the important areas for the development of sustainable rural entrepreneurship. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of tourism capacity in the development of sustainable entrepreneurship in rural areas (Case study: central part of Hamadan city). The research method used in this study is based on the categorization mentioned in terms of purpose, and in terms of the degree and degree of control, the field (questionnaire and direct observation), and also in terms of data collection method, a descriptive research type And non-experimental (non-experimental). Sample size was determined using the Cochran formula, 378 households (head of household). To avoid statistical errors and increase the confidence, 5% of the selected sample was added to the sample and finally 396 (household head) They were selected as the final sample in 6 rural areas. The software used in this study is SPSS22, Amos22, ArcGIS and Excel. The results show that the five identified factors are 47.86% of the total variance of variables related to the factors affecting sustainable development of rural tourism in the study area. Considering that the percentage of the specific value indicates the share of each factor, the total variance of the variables is higher and the larger the value indicates the importance and the greater effect of that factor, the results show that the level of explanation of each of the five factors identified Respectively was 16.88, 8.64, 7.88, 7.82 and 6.63 percent respectively. Also this been positive and meaningful for risk-taking, success-seeking and entrepreneurial intentions; The positive sign indicates that the mean of the studied variable is greater than the theoretical or criterion score. In fact, the average of these factors, in addition to other factors, is greater than the theoretical mean in the 95% significance level (or 5% error). Therefore, it can be said that tourism development has had positive effects on promotion of risk-taking, success-seeking and entrepreneurial intentions. Therefore, according to the obtained result, it can be stated that the hypothesis of the research that tourism in the promotion of morale (creativity, riskiness, self-esteem, independence, and success) and the intention of sustainable entrepreneurship in the settlement The rural areas of the studied area were somewhat effective and confirmed by the zero assumption.

The issue of production, enhancement and development of suitable, active, vibrant and vibrant urban spaces as one of the strategic goals of improving the quality of the environment in urban artifacts is always in the work of planners and designers of the city. The liveliness of urban environments and the preservation of dynamism and freshness in cities require more citizen participation in urban spaces and social interactions. On the other hand, the view of the big cities overnight presents a different face of the city to the users of urban spaces: part of this perspective forms urban collective activities throughout the night, and the other part is the visual aspects of urban spaces, which at the time The night is hidden, and only by reviewing and revising the continuity of urban life can be seen at night. Therefore, urban spaces as a basis for collective activities of citizens and nightlife scenes help to create the imagination of the audience from the city, which is interpreted as the symbol of the city of night-time. Therefore, the above-mentioned cases have highlighted the approach called "night life" or 24-hour streets which in fact encourage the various social, economic and cultural activities in more hours of the day. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the factors affecting dynamics 24-hour urban spaces in Tehran's Occupational Cultural-Residential neighborhood as a urban space. The research method in this research is in addition to the descriptive-analytical approach, the survey method, in the field of library and field studies. The statistical population includes all residents and passers from this area. The sampling method was simple random and the sample was 380 people based on Cochran's formula. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the research data. The obtained data are classified according to the type of variables and their relationship with each other using spss statistical software. Finally, the results showed that among the indices defined for nightlife such as safety, access to public transport, cleanliness and cleanliness, the diversity of activities, and the attractiveness and excitement of them, the use of existing status, the beauty and attractiveness of a space Urban, having the right to choose, increasing the hours of activity of activities, the possibility of group gathering, beliefs and religious beliefs of the community, the level of awareness and literacy of the people, the ability to walk in an urban space and the willingness of people to use night activities, positive and linear relationship There is also the attractiveness of Durand to become a 24-hour street.

The study of planning and urban planning mechanisms in developing countries reveals this system in the application of urban governance model. In most of these countries, the urban planning and management system is centralized And monitoring and development of cities through government agencies at the local and national levels Despite the many challenges and barriers, strengthening local governments and attracting private sector participation is an essential element. With the inability of the government in Tehran to respond to various urban needs and the lack of compliance with citizen's priorities with the plans and the need for more accountability in the administration of urban affairs, Today, a model of city administration is proposed based on the new attitude of urban governance to these countries. Which calls not only the government, but also the civil society and the private sector to participate in the city administration. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic And has been collecting information using documentary and library methods. The statistical population of this study is Tehran municipality managers Using multi-stage random sampling method, due to the wide range of statistical population And the information provided has been analyzed using Tapsis method Based on the result of that measure of communication between people and the plan, the cost reduction and implementation time of the projects has ranked first. And the other criteria are in the lower ranks.

Nowadays, military threats are becoming more important as a form of new tools. A review of public places with passive defense approach shows that the existence of underground places is essential for enforcing the military forces of country. Designing these places is roughly difficult because of their unique mental and psychological characteristics. These places need to a level of livability to maintain. The main goal of this article is to explore the important variables of livability in safe underground spaces. The research method in this article is based on survey analysis and uses deep interviews with professors and specialists at this domain. According to the grounded theory approach, an axis coding is done and the results are gathered by means of this technique. The findings of this paper show that professors have emphasized on five categories of visual-physical, perceptual, environmental, functional and social. Also, they indicated twenty one factors which are effective on livability of underground public spaces in Tehran. Finally, some solutions are recommended.

The challenges of the world heritage bases which desire logical and thoughtful actions are always the most important activities related to these sites. The power of facing these increasing challenges which are influenced by time, technology, economy and politics is one of the management solutions that change these challenges into useful opportunities. Challenges in framework, architecture, structures, view, economy, society and culture with natural disasters which are threading Tabriz Bazaar complex, need a lot of actions and conditions which are induced by art, architecture, culture and traditions. These actions with a-hundred-years-old history which show thoughts, culture and goals of Tabriz Bazaar complex, by passing the time and especially because of the different governments or people and the lack of trust between businessmen and governments can have a deep relationship with thoughts induced by about 8000 stores. According to the problems and challenges of Bazaar, in this article the actions of the world heritage base of Tabriz historical Bazaar complex for solving these problems and preventing the possible damage are discussed.

Sense of place means the perception of people from their environment and their less informed emotions of their environment, which makes the person in an internal connection with the environment so that an individual's understanding of the meaning of the surrounding environment is integrated and integrated. It is a factor that causes the transformation of a space into a particular sense of sense and behavior for specific individuals. in addition to having a sense of comfort from the environment, the sense of place has supported the cultural concepts of the people, social and cultural relations of the community in a given location and brings back past experience and the recognition of identity for individuals. Since space is an effective factor in distinguishing the environment from architecture, it is physically, an environment with a clear character, and can be more successful in creating a sense of place. Due to the importance of this sense in enhancing the quality of the designed space, this study examines the concept of location and effective factors in the city of Khuzestan province and the physical effects and cognitive factors of users affect the feeling of people in space. at first, it means the sense of place and its concept from different perspectives and finally presents the different levels and shape factors and finally presents a model for showing how these factors affect the effects of these factors. The proposed model can provide a framework for designers ' knowledge of how the architectural space affects consumers ' sense.

In recent years, number of sustainable buildings has been increased in different countries. In Iran, sustainable architecture design and construction have gradually improved over the years as well. However, there is a need to review the current quality of the residential spaces in environment oriented buildings and to improve conditions, taking into account the perceptions, experiences and preferences of their inhabitants. Failure to provide a suitable space for social interaction and the lack of respect for the resident's taste in the design has a significant impact on the comfort level of residents. Hence, this study aims to cover the research objectives in two stages: Firstly to evaluate the quality of the resident's experiences in both private individual units indoors and common spaces of the buildings and secondly to identify environmental design according to the residents’ preferences. It is also worth to mention that the scope of this research was on four environmental oriented residential buildings in Tehran. To proceed with this research, 204 questionnaires were distributed in these four residential buildings. The analysis process was implemented by the ChiSQ and AVALUE programs in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) statically tool. The researcher is trying to expand the sustainable concept in all aspects of sustainability consistent with environmental issues and developments in building technology. The purpose of this quantitative research, as mentioned above, is to collect information through the study of previous literature as well as access to new information according to questionnaires designed in the research process. The results indicate the significant demand of residents in order to improve the existing facilities towards social interactive between individual units. The research has positive effect on residential buildings changes with an environmental approach; also it could increase the knowledge of existing and future researchers in the country.

It is the first step ahead of practical action to train, define its goals, and adapt the contents of classroom practical programs and the process of training in architecture lessons and in particular design courses. In order to measure the efficiency of any educational content, it is possible to provide the results of the training experience of these subjects during the creative learning experience of architecture. Accordingly, in this paper, creative training is based on the creative indices of creativity (fluid, development, innovation, and flexibility) in architectural design lessons. The present research method is a combination of the method of descriptive - analytic and the practical based on the methods of creative learning in the world in a population of students of free Islamic university architecture. In order to determine the effectiveness of the creative process of creativity to architectural students, two tests were used; one of the evaluation of creativity which was used as a criterion for measuring the simultaneous narrative of creativity of Torrance creativity. In this paper, we study the concept of general education in particular, and then in an analytical approach, to the category of methods and models of training in architecture. In the end, some models and training patterns are presented in this regard. Also, the training experience of these subjects is presented in the form of research - based learning based on the creativity test of abedi and Torrance, and some results in the direction of creative training in architecture are mentioned.

In recent years, many studies and studies have been made regarding healthy cities. based on empirical evidence, concepts employed as scientific approaches to develop tools and policies, policies, health development, assessment, monitoring and productivity of in order to achieve high levels of health, social well - being and diverse, sustainable, and innovative urban development. The goals of the healthy city project can be devised to implement a framework for implementing the Health Organization for All and Ottawa Statement to improve health, which requires awareness of the process of developing a healthy city and sustainable development on local levels so as to allow the maximum compliance with components and indicators of sustainable development at environmental levels and sustainable human development that will undoubtedly increase the quality of life and social satisfaction. The results of this study are the level of engagement with the way, the degree and the implementation process of healthy cities, which is closely related to issues related to the concept of sustainability in different aspects of social, economic and cultural dimensions. in the end, there are some practical and practical strategies for achieving healthy city in contemporary iran, especially in urban planning and architectural planning.

The city is a collection of living and dynamic elements whose identity has fluctuated over time and transmitted to later periods. The city grows over time and interacts with citizens, and the city's mirror image is the image of citizens and the creator of the creative spirit of the inhabitants. With the onset of capitalism, and especially over the last two centuries, and the emergence of issues such as globalization, the form of production and lifestyle of the urban population have changed, and tissue changes and congestion in its current form have emerged. In recent decades, changing the concept of city content, increasing urban populations, and criticizing the lack of development and the development of low density cities, high-profile policies have been planned as a strategy for new approaches. The widespread use of this method gradually extended to residential areas in addition to economic uses such as industrial, administrative and commercial use, and extended to peripheral areas of the city. On the other hand, in a country like Iran, which has an old pattern in the field of architecture and urbanization, and the city is a set of homogeneous and homogeneous neighborhoods that, based on the appropriate relationships, form and ethnic, religious, occupational or territorial affiliations in a specific place of the complex They have been keeping their guides and authenticity for years; the rise of high profile activities has raised concerns and concerns over the past years, and these concerns can become serious and even critical issues. The methodology of this research is qualitative and its approach is descriptive and analytical. The purpose of this research is to promote and create social cohesion in high-rise residential complexes utilizing osteopenia elements and physical structure as the basis for implementation of urban design of base participation. By reviewing the texts of architecture and urbanism, it seems that some people believe that urban development of the present cannot be seen in the past urbanization and development of the past, but a group of contemporary experts have tried to use the legacy of architecture and urban planning in their works. Consistency and coherence are considered as one of the main criteria for the quality of urban spaces. Traditional and indigenous spaces were mostly of such quality. Nowadays, both practical and theoretically, urban spaces and science related to environmental design are facing a major challenge. In terms of data processing, Delphi's technique is based on its analytical model based on procedural unity in expert's opinions. The main result of this research is the extraction of the socio-social coherence criteria of the Iranian neighborhood from the perspective of experts and prioritizing these criteria to implement and establish the indicators of social and physical coherence with the urban design approach of participatory basis in high-rise residential complexes and promotion of participation and social status in these collections.

The inevitable impacts of new technologies, environmental and climate change, transformation of cultural relations, change of cultural structures in housing is evident, but in some cases the scope of these changes and changes cannot be ignored because otherwise the audience will not be responsive to these changes. Although the concept of flexibility is not over a few years, it has been seriously considered, but dealing with the concept of flexibility in housing and housing is one of the issues that can be considered in this article. This research is of the kind of applied and its method of research is qualitative, which has benefited from the research method of descriptive - analytic and collecting data based on documentary studies, literature review, resources, and analysis and used for explaining the topic in logical reasoning method. At the end, flexible design strategies have been proposed in housing planning and some solutions have been addressed in Iran.

To analyze and comment on the characteristics of any phenomena in the world, there are a variety of ways that are mainly influenced by the principles governing the worldview and the beliefs of the society, and the group that each phenomenon considers to be abstract and isolated in the world only with respect to the function, values, and faces in the universe, and finally with regard to the ultimate goal of the universe. In this paper, the concept of optimal housing is based on the teachings of Islam. The research method is descriptive - analytical and logical reasoning which has been studied by referring to the verses and narratives. In this regard, with regard to the four areas of housing, reconstruction and Islamic housing and architectural values of Iran, the indices required for this study were identified. These indices have been chosen in a way that the joint season of the quitted logic has been introduced. The statements that are shared with the principles and values of the Iranian architecture and in the region architecture have the potential to become physical. So, concepts such as centrality, fitness, harmony, harmony, balance space, order, visual order, mental component, geometry, orientation (Qibla) and health have been considered. in the end the concepts found from verses and narratives about desired housing will be referred to from the point of view of Islam.

Changes in the urban spatial structure originate from a variety of factors that one of them is urbanization. Urbanization is measurable with two categories of population and employment. The population is not distributed uniformly in the city; but depending on the circumstances follows different patterns. Also, the factor of the population, along with other spatial parameters, is the source of the creation of secondary nuclei and also affects the spatial distribution of employment. In this research, the main goal of the study is to investigate demographic changes and activity centers as spatial distribution in Ardabil. In this research, with quantitative, descriptive and analytical methods, the spatial patterns process of population and employment patterns have been investigated. The data used for demographic analysis were census data from 1390 and 1395. But for the study of the spatial distribution of employment, were used from data commercial and service uses for the years 1385 and 1390 the comprehensive plan of the city of Ardabil. The data analysis method is the general and local Moran. The results indicate that the population of Ardabil city during the years of 2011 and 2016 follows the cluster spatial pattern that this process has increased over time. Also, the spatial distribution of employment is clustered with sub-centers; therefore, can be concluded that the urban spatial structure has been moving towards polycentric becoming in recent years.

Poor air quality has a lot of damage on the environment and humans. Awareness of the air quality situation reduces health effects of air pollution. Isfahan, one of the most populous cities in Iran, is facing air pollution due to motor vehicle emissions and industries. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the variations in Air Quality Index(AQI) during During the year 2016 and its spatial zoning with Surfer. This study was performed with the aim of the comparative investigation of Air Quality Index in critical days in major city Isfahan. This study was a descriptive–analytic one. First, the required data of five criteria pollutants were taken from Department of Environment in Isfahan. The air quality index was measured based on the instructions and classified into Good, Average, Unhealthy for sensitive groups, Unhealthy, So unhealthy and Dangerous degrees according to the air quality standard tables. Based on the results, the air quality of Isfahan was found to be critical in 12 days of the year. According to the zoning maps, AQI values were found to be in critical conditions in the core towards east of Isfahan. Other results of this research indicate that urban management can be used to reduce the traffic of vehicles and reduce the activity of polluting industries in relation to reducing air pollution in Isfahan.

Disposal of urban waste contains pollutants whose quantity and diversity multiplies every day. This process, while requiring appropriate management, should be done in a way that minimizes greenhouse gas emissions. In this research, after considering the quantity and quality of waste in the 15th district of Tehran and its current disposal method, four scenarios were considered studying the facilities, recycling, compost, and also a reduction of 5% of waste materials from the source. Then the scenarios were analyzed in terms of the production and emission of greenhouse gases using the IWM model. The results indicate that recycling and compost facilities play a significant role in reducing the greenhouse gases. By reducing 5% of waste per year, 401.66 tons of CH4 NOx and 6132.36 tons of CO2 gas have been decreased on average in one year.In general, it can be argued that the use of facilities such as recycling and compost, as well as using the principle of reduction from the source by culture-building for the general public, can reduce environmental problems and in particular lower the greenhouse gas emissions.

The choice of materials is one of the major challenges in contemporary architecture. As far as the criteria of present buildings are present, limits are considered to choose and apply it. The arrival of various materials in the country requires the indigenous - aesthetic basis of it. For in case of neglect of this, the original face of the cities will grow more turbulent. This study examines the ecological basis and its adaptation to personality theories tries to explore local - personality differences and use different materials. The question of the research can be suggested: How is the difference between different personalities in choosing, processing and applying materials, and how did selected monuments find? Since the ornamentation is also important as a factor to explore the differences in the use of materials, the difference of personalities in the selection of ornamentation is also addressed. The method of research in the creation and structure of theoretic bases, logical reasoning, and in inferring the difference between material and ornamentation originated from the diversity of native characters. in this study , based on the basis of reasoning, the land of canvas causes the thinker, the moisture causes sensation and perception, the cold, and heat cause an introvert to become an introvert. Basic personality introspection is the use of natural materials, making a difference in the appearance of materials, the use of monochrome materials, and lack of interest in indexing materials. A basic personality Extraversion is a welcome to new materials, use of materials to diversify or modify materials color and make distinctions between different parts according to changes in type or arrangement of materials. to be thoughtful and judgment in the base personality causes uncertainty in the choice of materials, the use of textured materials on the side of the smooth materials, the tendency to show the geometrical arrangement of materials by making clarity on the boundary of parts and components. The perception of the basis of the basic personality causes risk taking in the use of new materials, the tendency of to work, the use of natural or less processed materials, the use of material with little contrast in color and texture.

Urban development plans are guiding documents on how cities are developed, enabling urban managers to look at the long-term vision of a desirable city landscape. The Tehran Master Plan is a document that aims at sustainable development in Tehran. The important thing here is the extent to which progress is being made on the path to realization of the plan at any time. In the words of the comprehensive plan of Tehran, as a strategic document, we need criteria and indicators that can show at what point in what specificities are the perspective of the plan. And how much of its goals and strategies have been realized. As a result, the measure of the implementation of the plan is based on the process and criteria adopted at the same time as the approval of the plan. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the criteria for the comprehensive plan of the Tehran metropolis. The research is descriptive-analytic and the information has been collected using a documentary and library method. The statistical population of this research includes expert And considering the impossibility of conducting research on the whole society, a multi-stage random sampling method has been used. And the information is analyzed using the Delphi method and the technique of multi-criteria decision-making methods of Tapsis. And the results show that the criteria for not using the participation rate of local and popular institutions in the process of reviewing, approval and implementation of the project with a score of (0.735193) has won first place.

social capital is one of the most important topics in the attention of academic and research circles in the last decade that can be defined as a set of norms, informal values, conventional rules and ethical obligations that form the reciprocal behaviors of individuals, but contribute to enhancing cooperation and social participation, and thus contributes to increasing engagement and social capital. On the other hand, there is a close relationship between the environmental quality of urban spaces and social capital without which it is not possible to upgrade capital in urban spaces. In the descriptive - analytical method this paper examines the quality dimensions of urban spaces and its relation with social capital, which has benefited from data collection tools including library studies and documentary studies. in the end, the components and quality criteria of urban spaces are mentioned in line with the promotion of social capital.

Schools as the first social Setting have the aim of training and providing opportunities for learners to interaction with each other through constant communication in educational and social activities. Responding to social needs and providing the necessary opportunities in earning of social experiences, requires the existence of physical Setting. Informal Interstitial spaces in schools are capacity In responding to this aspect of the children`s life. Hence by According to the emphasis social dimension of man and space, this paper argues analyzing the role of kind of interstitial spaces organization on environmental Interoperability factors in schools and eager to activity in these spaces. For this purpose, the physical environment of interstitial spaces considered in 6 elementary school in 1 and 3 region of Tehran as a collective - behavioral place which constitutes a collective- spatial system. In this regard, based on environmental psychology literature and behavioral sciences, environmental evaluating factors in human-human and human-environment interactions will be examined in two types of linear and central organization according to popularity of these two patterns in the evolution of Iran's school architecture. This research based on combining the quantitative-qualitative approach Using questionnaires and field analysis, collected information on testing hypotheses and then the data were analyzed in spss software. Based on the results, approved the existing of significant relationship between the evaluating factors in environmental Interoperability and the type of organization in the interstitial spaces of learning environments. So, through the appropriate organization of interstitial spaces by establishing a balance between physical and psychological components, the context of learner's interactions in learning environments is improved.

the development of different urban dimensions in recent years and the prevalence of new urban development has also affected urban tissues, and today, the urban areas, especially the regions and regions in particular, face complex problems such as the sense of spatial belonging and urban identity, and their socio - spatial status decline is increasing. Therefore, urban landscape and aspect is an important and even challenging issue among urban planning pundits, architecture and environmental design, in a way that the lack of single literature has even led to. on the other hand, most studies concerning the location and issues related to it, including the sense of place in the field of cognitive psychology and education, is not sufficient in urban planning, and it must be designed to make sense for the people and create a region for the shape of mass events by creating public spaces with the quality and optimal conditions among construction density. In this paper, we refer to the principles and criteria of landscape design in order to update the sense of location, and at the end of conceptual and contextual principles in designing the urban landscape to enhance the sense of place and belonging to place.

Spatial-social segregation is one of the fundamental subjects of urban sociologists and planners. Economic, social, political and physical factors are such factors which contribute the creation and fortification of social-spatial segregation in neighborhood of metropolitans. In this article has been tried to calculate the amount of social-spatial segregation in the Educational, Income, Occupational, and Ethnic Groups. Hence, the studies about segregation have been surveyed at first. By resorting the related theories and studies, applied indices for calculating the amount of segregation have been defined. Collected data from questionnaire has been applied in SPSS software and the census of 2011 are entered in Excel. After that both of them are matched by MATLAB software in one Excel. Thereafter, the Excel export in GIS software has been attached to the map. Finally, the Social-Spatial Segregation amount of Educational, Income, Occupational, and Ethnic Groups has been calculated by Geo Segregation Analyzer software. Kerman neighborhood in 8th region of Tehran Municipality have been issued as a case study and their amount of segregation has been calculated for them. In this study, the dependent variable is the amount of spatial-social segregation and the independent variable contains the items below:- Individual-familial characteristics: level of education, career, job position, ethnic character, and amount of income.
According to the obtained results from Geo Segregation Analyzer software, it can be stated that socio-spatial segregation between groups of employees is very high. Especially segregation amount in employers group is very high and near 1. It means that complete segregation is appeared in this group. Moreover, the segregation amount in educational groups is medium or high. The segregation of ethnic groups is more than average and high. Lor and Turk people are segregated from other ethnic groups. The amount of segregation for them is high. However, the segregation of Fars people is very low. The factors show that the amount of scio-spatial segregation in this neighborhood is high. The residents aren’t similar to each other and they want to be segregated. So the city manager should solve this problem by suitable policies that are helpful for this neighborhood.

Tourism as the biggest social mobility with cultural, economic and spatial implications. Therefore, making the tourism more effective and improving their positive outcome requires recognition and special attention to empowerment. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the empowerment of tourism development. This study is based on the nature of "descriptive - analytic" and in terms of the purpose of "applied".
Therefore, with a short - term planning and medium - term planning, the cities of Iran can be ranked at the head of creative cities in the top of the network of creative cities and ranked best among the top creative countries. it is hoped that by using these capacities and with the fundamentals of this space, the preparations for a number of cities of Iran including Isfahan as the creative city of culture and art, Yazd as the creative city of Iranian architecture and Tehran as a creative social and social capital to the world of creative tourism.