نشریه علوم و فنون منابع طبیعی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (تابستان 1389)

Before taking any management step about forest stand, the recognition of natural stand and tree type is necessary. on this basis the present study is done for determining the tree type in altitude profile of Golband plan forestry. To take data from stand forest the band method is used. First of all we determined a point on the topography plan and then selected a band with north to south direction and 20 meters wide in two sides of point and a few specifications including spices, diameter and height were completely measured. Then the tree type from stand forest with paying attention to direct relation that exists between beasel area and crown, the beasel area was used. Conclusions show that in 16 kilometers length of the band, there are 10 tree types that most types of the spices Beech , Hornbeam with length to 5650 meters and type Maple, Hornbeam, Persimmon and Beech, Cappadocian maple, Also from the sea level to the height of 700 meters the main spices is Hornbeam and from height 700 meters to the 2160 meters Beech is the main spices although the pure Beech is seen only on the height of 2000-2100 meters.

Green space is a significant particle in large cities. Taking into account high-performance of urban green space ,management of this resources is required. In order to manage these resources properly, their change detection trends is the first priority. therefore, this article tries to survey the first data and the last data during 30 years, estimating changes rate influenced on green space in the study area. In this survey after geometric preprocessing on 1:10000 aerial photographs which is related to 1980, a mosaic was taken from images and visual interpretation was done on created Ortho-photo-mosaic and green space layer was extracted from the mentioned year. Satellite images (IRS-P6)which is related to 2007 was taken and were corrected with 1 pixels accuracy, as well. Then visual interpretation was done on corrected images and the area of green space were estimated in recent years. At the end of the study, changes rate were valued according to overlaying of layers. In order to determine urban extending rate during 1980 to 2007;Greenspace average rate and urban land use changes was evaluated from beginning the end of study period The results showed that area and Green space average of region has been increased. In order to assess of aerial photographs accuracy in quantitative characteristics of green spaces such as ;crown diameter, altitude and exploitable diameter, forest inventory was carried out and mentioned parameters on latest aerial photos was measured and correlations of measured matters were analyzed .The results of measuring quantitative characteristics of trees on photos and earth stated that there is close relation between these factors in transects trees and distributed trees (isolated tree) however, this accuracy is not acceptable in forest stand.

After 4 decades of planting forest trees in Tehran city, research and accurate investigation on this afforestated species seems essential. In this study for investigating effects of slope and Geographical aspect on quantitative properties of Locust tree (Robinia peseudoacacia L.) and Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene.) species, 46 samples in 4 geographical direction and 3 slope level (0-15, 16-30, 31-45 percent) were selected. In each sample, diameter at breast height and height were measured. The results show that aspect has affected diameter at breast height and height of Locust tree and the diameter at breast height of Arizona cypress. Moreover, the slope has affected quantitative parameters of Arizona cypress. Also the interaction between slope and aspect only on diameter at breast height of Arizona cypress is also significantaly differnt. However, the thickest and tallest Locust tree are located in northen and eastern directions and on 0-15% slope. Therefore such parameters were observed for Arizona cypress species in eastern and southern dirctions and on 0-15% slope.

Chaloos watershed is in the center of Alborz Mountain. This area is about 130000 hectare. The study brought forth about 127 forest types and six classes to cover canopy from high density to weak. It has also about 80 species of trees and shrubs growing there. Except to some species most of them are endemic. In this area forest's range is situated at the altitude of 50 to 2500 meters with two main slopes such as east and west but there are some on the southern and northern slopes. The main species that forms types of forest are Hornbeams, Beech, Oaks, Alder, Ironwood, Maples, Zelkova, Hackberry, Cotoneaster, Hawthorn. Chaloos watershed area covers 73560 hectare of forests and shrubs.

The aim of this research is to study economically and technically the possibility of making floating paper from Bagasse in Khuzestan province. Studies on different Agri-industry projects by Sugarcane and Byproducts Company in the south indicate that bagasse can be one of the most appropriate non-wood raw materials for the new floating paper factories. The annual production capacity bagasse pulp for floating paper is considered 1350 ton. Thus the total capital investment was estimated as more than RIS. 6356.3 million. Then to investigate the proposal economically and technically, engineering economic indexes such as capital output rate, capital returning period and throughout point were used which showed that mill construction and producing wheat straw pulp in this county iss the economically and technically moncy savirg.

Iranian forced vibration system for free-free bars was developed from beam vibration theories and equations listed in ASTM C1548-02 to evaluate the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood. In a previously tried experiment, radial variations of this property from pith to bark were investigated using similar European systems but I have taken into to account some other equations which have been revised and discussed here again with newly developed Iranian system. Authentic similar results were obtained in new introduced Iranian forced vibration system.

Nowadays the paper factories, especially factories which use waste papers because of environmental issues and lack of forest sources, need to identify fibers in raw materials to improve quality of recycled papers. In order to evaluate feasibility of fibers identification, papers of 6 Iranian important factories (7 different Kinds of papers) have been sampled. Factories use waste paper for raw materials. Many micro- slides have been prepared from the papers according to ISO 9184-1 (ISO 1990), and many morphological and anatomical characteristics inside Atlases have been used to identify of exotic fibers. Eventually frequency of identified species in papers has been recorded. The result showed that identification of papers is feasible. From the softwoods: Pinu spp., Larix spp., Picea spp. and from the hardwoods: Populs spp., Fagus orientalis, Betula spp., Alnus spp. and Carpinus betulus and from non-woods: Wheat, Corn, Cotton and Rice were the most plentiful species. The number of recycles and processes of refining and beating in paper production process causes fiber destruction and identification of paper fibers especially for species whose shape of fibers (vessel elements and trachids) are very similar, therefore they are not useable for fiber identification.

Among the main objectives in hydrology are to forecast quantitatively the process of rainfall-runoff, and to determine flood discharge at the outlet of a watershed. Flood discharge can be estimated using rainfall-runoff models which explain hydrological phenomena for unmeasured watersheds. Relationship between hydrology and geomorphologic parameters can lead to the estimate of hydrologic response of a basin. The purpose of this study is to investigate the consistency, accuracy and reliability of geomorphologic model (GIUH) in estimating the shape and discharge of flood resulting from a rainfall with certain intensity and duration. The results of this model were compared with SCS (Soil Conservation Service), Snyder, triangular, Rosso and Geomorphoclimatic (GCIUH) unit hydrographs. The results showed that in Kasilian basin with the area of 67/78 km2, GIUH model had the least amounts of main relativity (MRE) and square error (MSE). Furthermore the result showed that the efficiency of geomorphologic model ratio to Snyder, SCS, Triangle, Rosso and GCIUH in Kasilian Basin are 91.06, 99.11, 88.642, 48.19 and 4.94 respectively. Therefore the result of Geomorphologic model compared to other models (based on this study) is the most efficient model to estimate flood discharge.

The ascending pollution procedure and also the decrease of water resources quality have necessitated the suitable management need on these resources for several consumptions. Sardabrood River is important due to drinking uses, agriculture and fishery as one of the protected river of Caspian Sea. Therefore, the study of water quality of this river is so essential in environment-subsistence management system, and the present research considers these goals. We appointed 8 stations in strategic points and 96 samples for considering the water quality of this river, then these cases have harvested two times in summer and fall. The cases from the view of Temperature, pH, D.O, B.O.D5, NH4, Caco3, T.D.S, T.S.S, qualitative indicators and 3 heavy elements including, Fe, Ba, Pb have been studied. results show that water quality of this river severely depends on the type of landscape and human presence. On this basis stations 1, 2, 3 have suitable quality and stations 7, 8 are the most polluted, so they are polluted on the basis of all qualitative indicators and heavy elements based on the present standards. Furthermore Pb in river water in all stations is more than standard.

Lar National Park is considered as an appropriate habitat for Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus aegagrus). Human threats to this Park has separated the Wild Goat from some of the appropriate habitat limiting the presence of this species in certain areas. The models which predict this species distribution can predict the area of this species distribution and their habitat as well. They are, therefore, good instruments for preservation and management purposes. Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) method using Biomapper software was used to make a model of the habitat of this species. In this study, the points where this species existed were used as dependent variable and 9 other environmental variables were used as independent variables.. Habitat suitability map drawn for Wild Goat in Lar National Park indicated that the suitable point for Wild Goat located in 3040m above sea level in the upper slopes was 42%. And Vegetation plays an important role in habitat suitability for a certain species. Selection of higher heights by Wild Goat was due to lack of security in mid-heights of the area. Also, the most important variable in the suitability of a habitat for Wild Goat is height and slope and predator such as leopard and wolf play a negative role in this regard.