Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences
Volume:7 Issue: 1, 2018

Patient education is one of the fundamental and valuable components in professional nursing performance which indicates professional development. The aim of the present study was to clarify nurse's viewpoints on factors affecting patient education.
This was a qualitative research in which twenty nurses were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was done using deep interview with semi-structural questions. All interviews were first recorded, then transcribed. Finally, the data were analyzed using constant comparative technique through conventional content analysis.
Three main themes with six subcategories were extracted. The main themes were “organizational factors”, “personal factors”, and “cultural and environmental factors”.
Regarding the research findings, some of the affective factors in patient education were determined through nurses’ perspectives. Therefore, it is recommended to perform careful management and organizational interventions, and provide necessary conditions for patient education.

The success of training programs in health-treatment systems belongs to competent staff in the field of education. The aim of this study was to identify the experiences of staff employed in health centers in Khamir City, Hormozgan Province, Iran, to determine the skills needed to become a health educator from their viewpoints.
This qualitative study was conducted in 2015 in Khamir City. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 employees working in health centers with at least 3 years of experience chosen via purposive sampling method. Content analysis approach was used to analyze the data.
Two main themes were extracted, “individual’s experience-based capability” and “learning-based capability”. The “use of communication skills and personal characteristics by health care staff”, “experience-based learning”, and “scientific-based learning” were the extracted subthemes.
In training health personnel, health system managers and trainers should pay attention to the willingness and ability of healthcare workers in implementing health education, and also to update workers’ knowledge of health.

Mothering is a precious art with many intricacies. When women experience the phenomenon of mothering, they become vulnerable, and face many challenges. It creates worst conditions, if this experience is combined with a disability such as blindness. This study aimed to determine blind mothers’ experiences of marginalization.
The approach used in this study was hermeneutic phenomenology. Sampling was carried out using targeted and snow balling method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with nine congenitally blind mothers who had child under the age of 8 years old. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interviews continued until data saturation. van Manen method was used for all steps of the study including data collections, data analysis, and interpretation and reporting the findings. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA software.
From 479 initial codes, the main theme of "hermit inevitable", and subthemes of "feelings of shame", "a sense of discrimination", and "obligation in loneliness" were emerged.
Blind mothers’ perception of themselves was to be marginalized, and they suffered from shame feeling, discrimination, lack of support, and obligation in loneliness. Blindness affects mothering, and blind mothers are in a unique situation.

One of the most important factors influencing marital satisfaction and life satisfaction is sexual satisfaction; as not being satisfactory tends to more severe problems, and even rupture of the marriage. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the experience of sexual problems in women seeking divorce and women satisfied with their marriage.
This was a qualitative study using phenomenology method. Snowballing sampling was used in Vanak and Shahid Mahallati family courts, Tehran, Iran, and sampling continued until reaching the saturation point. 13 women seeking divorce, and 11 women satisfied with their marriage, who were introduced by women seeking divorce, enrolled the study.
In women seeking divorce, 7 codes with the highest frequency were extracted including “sex”, “sexual partnerships”, “sexual schemas”, “interpersonal communication of couples”, “sexual orientation”, “sexuality”, and “living conditions”, respectively. In women satisfied with their marriage, the codes with the highest frequency were as “sexuality”, “interpersonal communication of couples”, “sex”, “sexual partnerships”, “sexual schemas”, “living conditions”, and “sexuality”, respectively. 19 subthemes were pointed by the participants, too.
Sexual issues is one of the factors affecting divorce, sexual satisfaction is one of the most effective factors in solving and disregarding interpersonal problems and marriage satisfactory.

Parents, who lose their child to cancer, undergo changes which lead to decreasing in quality of life and their level of adaption. Besides, after a child's death, numerous needs appear for the parents. The present research aimed to identify bereaved parent's changes and needs.
In this qualitative research with phenomenological approach, 12 bereaved families in Tehran City, Iran, who had lost their children to cancer, were selected using purposive sampling. The participants were studied via semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Data were collected, registered, encoded, and classified into main categories.
Data analysis resulted in extraction of the 4 main themes of changes (psychological and physical changes, interpersonal changes, intrapersonal changes, and changes in life style), and 2 themes of needs (emotional needs and financial needs). In addition, each main theme included some secondary themes.
Through identifying bereaved parent's changes and needs, we can enhance parent's quality of life and mental health. Medical team and clinical psychologists can benefit from the results of this research, and prepare emotional support for the parents during the terminal stage and after the loss of the child. Besides, they can have positive effect on long term's grief outcomes for bereaved parents, and help them with adaption.

In today civilization, the education trend moves towards lifelong learning. Lifelong learning could be used as a guiding principle in higher education; yet to fulfill this purpose, we need to establish lifelong learning in society. This article aimed to identify necessary changes in cultural infrastructure in order to shape a move towards lifelong learning.
This qualitative study was conducted in 2014 using content analysis approach. 16 faculty members in University of Isfahan, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, and Kerman University of Medical Sciences with interest, experience, and background in the field of higher education, teaching, and learning, were selected for this study using purposive sampling method. To collect the data, semi-structured and open-ended interviews were used. For credibility and acceptability of the data, outside observer method was used. The data were analyzed using content analysis approach.
Four thematic categories were identified as some of the necessary changes in cultural infrastructure toward lifelong learning. The categories were as “individual learning and cultural values”, “learning and cultural mission of training centers”, “learning and cultural mission of family”, and “learning and cultural mission of the media.”
The results of this research could be used for officials to give special attention to cultural infrastructures. Further qualitative studies can be useful in this regards.

Couple's personality traits play a key role in marital interactions. In cases where men have avoidant personality, due to their effective roles in marital and family relationships, cold and soulless interactions are established in the family. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of avoidant men related to marital interactions from couple and family specialist's view.
This was a qualitative study using content analysis approach. Eight family specialists were chosen through purposive sampling method. Then, the data were gathered through semi-structured interviews up to data saturation. After that, data were analyzed through thematic analysis.
Two categories of "self-defeating” and “other-defeating" characteristics were achieved after analyzing the data. The subcategories of self-defeating were "marital burnout”, “withdrawal”, “poor self-concept”, “social phobia”, and “ambivalence". The subcategories of other-defeating were "compulsive perfectionism”, “maladaptive self-centeredness”, “emotionally cold homes”, “change aversion”, “sociable appearance”, “sexual passivity”, “passive-aggressive”, “niggardliness”, and “talking inactivity”.
The "self-defeating” and “other-defeating” characteristics of avoidant individuals lead them and their spouse's to burn out. This results to cold and unfriendly interactions, and the reduction of marital quality. Therefore, identifying these characteristics will lead to identifying new solutions to modify these traits, and to improve marital interactions and quality.

Organizational cynicism, as newly conceived concept of staff-manager relations, and as one of the most important attitudes of employees, has recently received considerable attention from many researchers and managers. Provided that pessimistic feelings grow among nurses with respect to the hospital they serve, their workplace suffers severe damages and hardships which lead to a substantial decline in its performances. Given the key role of nurses as valuable human resources in providing services to people, the main purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of nurses about organizational cynicism.
This was a qualitative research, with phenomenological approach. The participatns were selected from nurses employed in public hospitals of North Khorasan Province, Iran. Purposive sampling was used to select 19 participants. In-depth semi-structured interviews were the date collection method. In addition, data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method.
The results of this study revealed 3 main themes including cognitive factors (disrespecting the nurses, injustice, hypocrisy, unexceptionable environment, nepotism, violation of the psychological contract, and incompetent authorities of the hospital), feeling factors (hospital politicization, lack of social means, and feeling an imposed forced labor on nurses), and behavior factors (not recommending the nursing profession to the others, no tendency to an early retirement, no desire to see the progress of others, criticizing and not accompanying the management decisions, and allowing to personally utilize the hospital’s facilities).
The findings indicate that preventing the nepotisme, organizational justice, respecting nurses, and reducing political games of the hospital have a significant impact on the reduction of organizational cynicism among the nurses. As a result, the emphasis on aspects of procedural, interactional, and interactive justice could reduce organizational cynicism of nurses. On the other hand, reverence and respect for nurses will have a significant effect on reduction of organizational cynicism. Therefore, having nurses incentivized in different events, it is possible to mitigate their organizational cynicism feelings.

Experience of hospitalization in the intensive care unit is stressful for patients and families. When a family member is hospitalized in intensive care unit, patient's condition causes instability and imbalance in quality of family life. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore experiences of families of hospitalized patients in intensive care unit related to resture the stability.
In this qualitative study, 19 family members of patients in intensive care unit were enrolled via purposive sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and field notes. All interviews were recorded and transcript verbatim, and were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method.
The extracted three main themes wereas “search for supporter resources”, “organizing of situation”, and “contextual-tructural factors”. Subcategories of “searching for supporter resources” were “sources of hope” and “sources of support”. “Organizing of situation” had two subcategories of “interaction with the health care team” and “efforts of stress relief”. Moreover, “contextua-structural factors” included two subcategories of “factors related to family” and “factors related to care-medical system”.
According to the results of this study, it seems essential that health care team understand experiences of family members of patients in intensive care unit related to restore family stability, and balance in their life for providing family-centered interventions.