فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 16 (پاییز 1390)

After collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the East Europe countries were one of the problems that become as a trouble for Western European countries and America and at that time these countries (East Europe) were a membership of verso treaty.
For these countries, it was necessary to delivered them to join the Western European during a long- term program, so that they cannot be leagued once more with Russia on any conditions in the future .So the development of Nato to the East is pursued at that time. Nato’s development to the East is unnecessary by Russia and knows it as a treaty for his national security.
These two developments are into opposition to each other for more than two centuries, but the scale of policy is in far out of Westerners, because up to now , nine countries of Eastern Europe and three countries that become as an organ of Nato and were a part of Soviet territory (Litvani , Letoni , Estonia) for a time .
This paper attempts to explore that the styles of Russia’s cooperation with Nato’s development to the East , and also studding the possible method’s between Russia and Nato.

Freedom is a Sublime, illustrious, and unreachable concept, for reaching it man endured vast and extensive struggles and endeavors during the prolonged course of his history; Alas no trace of it! But this prestigious concept, incomparable to other homogeneous values, bears some conceptual and semantic problems which makes it to fluctuate between its nature and its boundary and territory; a fluctuation between subjectivity and objectivity. Sometimes freedom is defined as an inherent positive or negative concept, sometimes it is implied in confrontation with despotism, democracy, reality and fact and sometimes it is introduced as equality to human nature.
In addition to formative and substantive examination of the above mentioned contexts, this article presumes that in its transition to modernity, the concept of freedom faces with complexity and intertwinement, which is on the one hand stemmed from multiplicity of productions, communications, and awareness of political – social demands, and on the other hand indebted to transmission and development of freedom from the primary meaning of inner-liberation and vice-redemption to freedom of organized official and non official external obstacles.

In the common political terminology, legitimacy is defined as "the acceptance of people's right to exert authority". From the Islamic point of view, legitimacy is not defined just based on the above principle and therefore the legitimacy of a political system and its religious are intertwined. So the definition of legitimacy from the Islam's point of view differs from that of current political terminology.
In order to get a proper understanding of the relation between the concepts of authority and legitimacy in the Islamic political system, the researcher has first examined the definition of authority and the various perspectives of experts on the issue. Then the relation between the concepts of legitimacy and authority in the Islamic literature has been investigated.
The researcher then tried to elucidate the definition of legitimacy in the Islamic thinking and also the current perspectives in this regard. Next in the research, people’s stance and the role they play in the political legitimacy and authority was probed and in doing so, the role and position of legitimacy and its realization in the Islamic political system and its effect on the authority of the Islamic government was touched on.

The principle of “non-intervention" in internal affairs of countries is one of the fundamental principles of international law upon which, the countries are prohibited to intervene in the internal affairs of each other. Respecting this principle would result in the sovereignty and independence of the countries and also maintains international peace and security.
The constituents of UN Charter attempted to prevent the governments from interfering in each other's affairs based on the principle of the "non-use of force". Assigning responsibility for maintaining international peace and security to the Security Council provided the permanent members of the council means to intervene in the internal affairs of countries in special cases. During the Cold War, the international community tried to obey the "non-intervention" principle to some extent.
After the Soviet Union’s collapse, the Security Council, with a broad interpretation of the concept of "peace and international security", considered "internal peace" and "international peace" associated. Thus, it felt responsible for the events such as human rights violation and humanitarian disasters happening inside the field of duty and responsibility of states and territories and also, attempted to take action by military intervention in the countries that violate human rights. As a result of these, the principle of "non-intervention" was somehow weakened.
After the event of Sept-11, the Security Council felt responsible to confront international terrorism and prevent the spreading of the mass destructive weapons. Moreover, as an international legislative center, by conducting rules and guidelines, it entered the territorial affaires of the countries. Furthermore, the United States, by referring to strategy of "preventive self-defense", announced that they are no more pledged to the terms of non- use of force in the UN Charter and in the condition of mistreat to its security, the United States will take action by itself. The result of new
American approach and the military intervention in countries like Iraq and Afghanistan reduced the credibility of the Security Council and it also hurt the principle of "non-intervention".
Recently, with the introduction of human rights principles as rules of "jus covens", the governments not only have to maintain, but also are obliged to end their violations. The government’s primary duty is to support their people. If a government cannot or is not willing to protect its own nationals or victim populations in the territory that has the possession of, the principle of “international responsibility for protection" will replace the principle of "non-intervention". Based on this theory, all governments will accept the responsibility to support the oppressed people based on the Charter of the UN.

This article examines the labor migration from less developed countries to developed countries and challenges of this process. These migrations create a major challenge in developed countries, a challenge to the profit and order. Investors and producers in developed countries have a lot of requests for access to cheap immigrants’ labor and in contrast, the vast range of the citizens of these countries are not satisfied for the presence of immigrants and foreign labors and enumerated these persons to main causes of insecurity and chaos in their countries. Thus, the governments in developed countries confront to important challenges to respond contradictory needs of producers and their citizens.

Turkey is the first Muslim country in the Middle East that recognizes formally in 1949 and establishes diplomatic relation with this country. Israel and Turkey relations usually have been called strategic relation. The relation between these two countries is a deep relation and it continues, however political changes have occurred in Turkey and justice and Development Party (JDP) came to power.
The JDP was born from the ashes of a banned political party (the Virtue Party) in 2002 parliamentary elections in Turkey. A new generation of Islamists with leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdogon that had established JDP, has closer relations with Muslims taboo, Israel, and also has speeded up Turkey’s integration with European Union (EU). However, Turkey’s president and prime minister are Islamists, but Turkey’s friendly relations with Israel have been firmed and political, economic and military cooperation’s have been expanded between these two countries.
Getting the position of presidency and another victory in parliamentary election by Islamist of the JDP, does not mean a basic in foreign policy of Turkey. Islamists want to maintain good relations with the West and also want to expand their relations with Islam World and the East. Cutting the relations between Israel and Turkey does not seem to occur in the future and some foreseeing in this matter is merely a political optimistic. The foreign policy of Turkey is not depends on political parties, but depends on national interests of Turkey. During the ruling the JDP, some experts believe that relations between Turkey and Israel did not begin to go backward.
This paper attempts to explore that how it has been the relationship of Turkey and Israel after coming to power of the JDP?

Military-industrial complexes are one of outstanding phenomena in the realm of international policy , and from old times played an intricate role in the process of decision-making and foreign policy of some countries military-industrial complexes are able to form the countries behavior and foreign policy ,and used as an analytical tool in considering the international changes, and also used as a clear definition of real causes of behaviors of some countries specially in the military-industrial scope. Because some countries have always been considering the political within security domains the military- industrial complex is a product of combining different parts of political and economical issues which penetrates in the central layers of sovereignty and political system of countries making the access to power and wealth available for themselves, as a result leaves an impression on economy, science, policy and society of countries.
This is a descriptive analytical research paper which follows this question “how military-industrial complexes affect America’s political, economical and social progress”? Based on the main question of this research the theory which is followed in this path is “military –industrial complexes cause the lack of progress in different levels of America’s political economical and social aspects”.

This century can be named "Energy Century". Once energy was only of concern as fuel during wars, and now due to significant impact of oil on world economy it has much more important role to play. In other word energy is the backbone of development, and now it is considered as a strategic good for developed and underdevelopment countries. Among other continent, due to fastest growth in energy consumption Asia, energy issue is one of the most important issues to be concerned. Considering the fast economic growth, reduction of inland energy resource, increase of needs to energy and increase of energy import have depended the China to foreign energy, so that China now is the second consumer of energy in the world after U.S.A. Knowing this, and considering the role of energy in economic development of countries, energy has reached to the first place of issue for the China. In addition, being one of the greatest energy resources in the world, Middle East is one of the most strategic areas in China s diplomacy. So that this area produces about half of China s needs. In this way, interaction with states of this region may lead to mutual dependence by China. Chinese therefore have planned to develop their relations with these states through soft diplomacy. Accepting interpretation we can conclude that a mutual dependence is about to form between these states and China, in other word Middle East states have the possibility to redeem China form its energy concerns, and in response China may fulfill some strategic, technology and financial needs of these state. So there are several interesting fields to start a dialogue with China, to establish a mutual dependence pattern focusing on energy.