فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1396)

Soil and plant resource management has been introduced in recent years as one of the most important ways to reduce management costs using modern methods, including artificial intelligence techniques. The present study attempted to use the neural network method to predict the nutritional status of the two copper and zinc elements in the Echinops plant using the data of the chemical forms of the copper and zinc elements, as well as the stability indicators of the aggregates. For this purpose, the chemical forms of the two elements of copper and zinc, as well as the average of weight diameter and geometric mean diameter of aggregates in 34 soil samples, and zinc and copper concentrations in the Echinops plant were analyzed for each soil sample and eventually Multilayer perceptron modeling was performed using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with four separate inputs in each section. The results showed that the sum of carbonate and exchangeable forms as the input data had the highest coefficient of variation and the lowest standard error in predicting Zn concentration of the plant. On the other hand, the total exchange and carbonate forms with the stability of aggregates as inputs had the best prediction of the copper status of the plant. Unlike zinc, soil physical data (aggregate stability indicators) could have a significant effect on predicting the state of copper in the plant.

Balanced nutrition nutrients and organic matter of the most important factors affecting the yield and quality of agricultural products. Humic acid as an organic acid derived from humus and other natural resources, with no environmental impact as well as a rich source of nitrogen urea fertilizers are used in agriculture. Traits in the study were: Vitamin C, N, Fe, Zn, Cu and Superoxid dismutase activity. The results showed that the treatment of humic acid 1% with urea and sulphur coated urea have a best result in N, Fe and Zn and humic acid have a best result in Vitamin C, Cu and Superoxid dismutase activity.

The medicinal plants are full of secondary metabolites which are the main source of active substances in plenty of drugs. Essential oils are one of the most important ingredients in medicinal plants. Although effective materials are essentially made by guiding genetic processes, their producing significantly influenced by environmental factors. In order to study the effect of foliar application of zinc sulfate and humic acid on the growth physiology and the quality of essential oil of Melissa officinalis, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications in the research farm of Islamic Azad University Saveh branch. The first factor was zinc sulfate at three levels: 0, 0.5 and 1 g / litter and the second factor was the humic acid content of three levels: 0, 3 and 5 g / litter. The data obtained from the analysis of variance showed that Zn sulfate on shoot length and number of branches at 5% probability level and on leaf length, leaf width, shoot weight and dry weight, dry matter, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield Essential components have a significant effect on the level of 1% probability but it didnt have a significant effect on the leaf length and leaf width. Also, the interaction of zinc sulfate with humic acid had significant effect on shoot fresh and dry weight, dry matter, essential oil yield, Linanol percentage at 1% probability level and essential oil percentage at 5% probability level But it did not significantly affect on shoots length, number of shoots, leaf length and width and citronella and citral percentage. Based on the results, the highest traits were measured in a treatment of 0.5 g / L zinc sulfate and 5 g / L humic acid.

The aim of present study was to investigate physiological responses of Ligustrum vulgare to lead and cadmium accumulation in its leaves. For this purpose, 100 seedlings were treated by 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg of CdCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 per kg of soil. The Pb and Cd accumulation in leaves, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and activity of CAT, SOD, and POD were measured. The results showed the Cd accumulation in leaves increased with increasing its concentration in soil, and there was found a significant difference between control and 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg. Increasing the Cd and Pb concentration did not affect chlorophyll content, while there was obtained a significant reduction by increasing these pollutants. There was not found a significant difference for CAT and POD in different concentrations of Pb and Cd, whereas SOD was affected by these pollutants so that the highest SOD activity was recorded in 100 and 600 mg/kg for Pb and Cd, respectively. The change in physiological properties of Ligustrum vulgare is its strategy to cope with stresses induced by Cd and Pb in leaves. Carotenoid and SOD are considered as sensitive traits to these concentrations of Pb and Cd, which they help the managers to make an appropriate decision in such conditions.

Licorice is one of the oldest medicinal plants that is commonly used in various industries such as pharmaceutical, food, beverages and confectionery products. this study was performed In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of amino acids (glumaline) and organic acids (citric acid and malic acid) on growth and quality of the transplant of licorice,. glutamine (3, 6 and 9 mM), malic acid (6, 9 and 15 mM) and citric acid (3, 9 and 15 mM) and foliar application of water to be considered as control. The main traits examined in this study included;: fresh and dry weights of canopy, leaf and root, stem length and diameter, number of lateral branches, rhizome and root diameter, leaf size and trichome density and the photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, b, total, and total carotenoids. The results showed that foliar sprays of various concentrations of glutamine, malic acid, citric acid, significantly increased licorice root and shoot growth and yield as compared to the control. In the treatment of malic acid 15 mM (MA15) shoot fresh and dry weight respectively 505 and 409 %, leaf fresh and dry weight respectively 387 and 400 % and stem fresh and dry weight respectively 494 and 580% were increased compared to the control. Also the highest licorice root fresh and dry weight was in glutamine 3 mM (G3) that was increased respectively by 1124 and 1497 % compared to control. Therefore, application of appropriate levels of malic acid, citric acid and glutamine can improve the yield and quality of Licorice seedlings .

Polygonatum)Asparagaceae (genus of 60 species in the world. 3speciesis from this genus distributed in Iran , namely P. glaberrimum and P .orientale and P .sewerzowii .Taxonomic research on 3 species consist of morphology and micromorphology of pollen grain due to comparative with value characteristics. Present study demonstrates the high value characteristics of fine morphologies compared with morphological traits so that the possibility of creating boundaries more precise in the way it provides and the taxonomic position now in the genus Polygonatum confirmed.

Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is a grassy and annual plant belong to Lamiaceae family. It is reported from south of Siberia and Himalaya hillsides. Essential oils, flavonoids, rosmaric, Ferolic and Coffeic acids are the main chemical components that were reported for it. The amount of its essential oils is depend on climate conditions and has been reported between 0.2 and 0.9. The main component of its essential oil is citral and geranyl acetate. This plant has tranquilizer, appetizer and antibacterial component and is useful for stomach ache and flatulence. This article is reviewing the results of recent studies about this issue.