فصلنامه طب و تزکیه
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 106، بهار 1397)

Health labor training is the main mission of medical education system in order to improve accountability of education in community. Accordingly, the program on the development and innovation of medical education as strategic guidelines for health education in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been developed in the form of 11 operational packages. one of the things that actually ensures the correct implementation of the organizational policies is the regular and proportionate evaluation of the programs, the Plan for Monitoring and Evaluating these programs has been developed in the phase of development of Packages for Reform and Innovation in Medical Education and the evaluation of Packages, simultaneously with its implementation, is underway.
Methods and Materials: The Plan of Monitoring and Evaluation of Packages for Reform and was designed and implemented concurrent with the launch of these Packages. The steps include Formation of Evaluation Committees, Development of Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation, Designing ATNA; a Platform for Collecting Indicators, Process Evaluation and Output Evaluation.
Results and Monitoring and evaluation of Packages for Reform and Innovation in Medical Education has been carried out in different stages and in evaluating these Packages, a combination of scientific patterns has been used.
Since February 2016 two evaluation phases were implemented in the field of medical education.

Today, social capital has much more important role than physical and human capital in organizations and societies. In absence of social capital, all other capitals will lose their effectiveness. This study aims to determine and compare social capital status of education development & studies centers from the viewpoint of managers and personnel of these centers in the Universities of Medical Sciences of the country.
Methods and Materials: This descriptive – analytical study was a comparative and cross-sectional one that was performed since Oct. 2015 afterwards, and moreover a census sampling was applied. Research tool was questionnaire based on Nahapiet and Ghoshal Model (1998) and studied different aspects of social capital in three different dimensions of cognitive, relational and structural; and it was marked according to 5-point Likert scale. The validity and reliability [90%] of the questionnaire were approved by many researchers.
According to the present study, social capital mean between managers and personnel was average”[mean:0/08 – sd:0/12 ]; social capital mean of managers was slightly more [ mean:3/57 – sd:0/05] than the personnel’s [ mean:3/56- sd:0/11]; however, there was no significant difference between social capital of the managers and the personnel of education development and studies centers in Universities of Medical Sciences of the country.
The results show that the relational capital has the most mean among social capital dimensions between personnel and managers; also commitments and expectations dimensions from among other relational capital dimensions with emphasis on the obligation of cooperation inside the organization has the highest score among the experts; and for managers under study, trust dimension out of relational capital dimensions with emphasis on mutual trust and honesty in available relations of the organization, has the highest score among social capital dimensions. Moreover, it is distinguished that there is no significant difference between none of the social capital among managers and personnel of education development & studies centers in Universities of Medical Sciences of the country.

Participation in the knowledge-based global market has become an important policy in developing countries. This research was conducted to identify the current status of the knowledge market in Iran.
Methods and Materials: The present study is descriptive-survey. The statistical population consists of 50 experts of governmental and non-governmental universities (subsection of Ministry of Science and Health) of Mazandaran province. To collect data, two researcher-made questionnaires (existing and desirable knowledge market) were used including 39 pairs of corresponding questions based on the five-point Likert scale with seven dimensions. Its validity was confirmed by experts and for the reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.94. Data analysis was done by Wilcoxon test using 24 SPSS software.
From the academic expert's point of view, there was a gap in all aspects of the knowledge market. Dimensions of the largest to the smallest gap includes Knowledge commercialization(-2.3),internationalization(-2.2),commodification(-2.1), standardization (-2.1), participation (-2.1), inclusiveness (-1.8), and compete (-1.7).
The current status of the market for higher education knowledge is not favorable to academic experts and does not meet expectations. Accordingly, policy review in higher education based on the requirements of the knowledge market, matching curricula to the needs of the community and industry and more attention to university social responsibility and provide educational and motivational programs for professors, students, and staff and university administrators in relation to globalization requirements and The components of the knowledge market and their empowerment are more essential.

This study intended to survey and to compare the level of student's satisfaction from holding the electronically and traditionally tests .
Methods and Materials : This study is an objectively applied one; it is a descriptive one methodology, and it is a survey typically. The statistical population of this study consisted of all active students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences of East Azerbaijan (N= 38651) which among them, 380 people were selected as sample using random cluster sampling. The research data was gathered using a questionnaire that its validity was achieved by contently and also using factorial analysis. Also, its reliability was evaluated by Cronbach Alpha and because the Alpha was more than 7.0 (standard value) for all variables, the related questions have required reliability. To test hypothesis, we used from paired-sample sign and Chi-Square tests.
The results indicated that there is difference between student's satisfaction from holding electronically and traditionally tests. Also, there is difference among students satisfaction from test anxiety, awareness of test results, perceived ease of used in electronically and traditionally tests at the end of each half-year. But, there is no difference between students satisfaction from environment condition of electronically and traditionally tests at the end of each half-year. The results of Chi-square indicated that the students satisfy from the quality of accountability of the system, technical properties and basic knowledge about the electronically tests.
Considering the role of effective electronic tests on students, other effective components should be examined by electronic tests.

In recent years, spiritual health has been considered by health professionals as an important dimension in individual and group life, and as defined by the World Health Organization, spiritual care is a major component of palliative care. However, it is often neglected in clinical practice, and hospitals need to move toward promoting spiritual care. The aim of this study was to design a model for providing spiritual health services in Iranian hospitals.
Methods and Materials: The present study was conducted in two parts of the review study and qualitative study. In the review section, articles related to the topic were selected and studied using appropriate keywords from valid sites. In a qualitative study, scientific and executive experts were selected using purposeful sampling approach. The data were collected during focused group discussions and individual in-depth interviews and were analyzed using content analysis method and thematic analysis.
The spiritual health services of hospitals include the assessment of the mental status and referral by the physician, the spiritual care of the nurse, the spiritual counseling by the spiritual counselor and the provision of spiritual conditions by the hospital manager. A set of skills for spiritual care and counseling by nurses include communication, supportive, knowledge, attitude and executive skills of spiritual care and referral to religious specialists.
According to the proposed model and the necessity of its implementation in hospitals of the country, it is suggested to set the required skills for spiritual evaluation of patients and relevant interventions in the form of skills training packages and capabilities.

From the Professional and ethical viewpoint nurses are required to provide spiritual care as part of holistic care to the patients.this study aimed to determine the nurses’ educational needs for delivering the spiritual care and formulating the educational need-based goals.
This study was conducted on the basis of the Delphi technique using the experts’ opinions in two phases.30nurses were selected through the purposive sampling method.A questionnaire consisting of an open-ended question which evaluate the educational needs concerning the provision of spiritual care was filled out by each nurse then,the needs with higher frequency were listed and returned to the nurses in two separate rounds to determine their degrees of importance and priority.In the second phase of the study,the educational goals for the needs with more than 80%agreement coefficient were set through literature review and were sent to 20 experts.After the data were analyzed general, partial and behavioral educational objectives were determined.
25 needs were selected as the final needs and three main goals including “The development of self-awareness concerning the spiritual dimension”,"The explanation of spirituality in nursing profession and its importance in nursing care"and"Preparing the nurses for provision of the spiritual care"were identified as general goals of the spiritual care curriculum.
The findings can be beneficial as a practical guide for development of a spiritual care educational curriculum in nursing profession in order to enhance the nurses’knowledge and skills in the provision of spiritual care to the patients.Furthermore,these findings appear to provide basic information for further research in this context.