فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 72 (زمستان 1396)

The position of bab for Shiite Imams (PBUT) in time of presence is regarded as the events with strong belief in it by Shiite authors and this belief is being accepted by Shiite researchers. The validation of this belief based on the data derived from various sources and taking advantage of historical, rijaliand Hadithprocedures is considered the subject of this article.
The findings of this research illustrates that there is no indication of confirming this position by Shiite imams (PBUT) or many Shiite authors for whom the issue of Babiah could be important. Furthermore, the non- Imam Origin of this belief as well as the way of its entrance to some Imamiyeh sources has been investigated in the present article.

The reidentification of why and how of the consideration of Zeid ibn e- Ali (80-122 After Hijrah) as Mahdi by some of his followers is considered the main issue of the present article and it has been of particular social functions at that very time in addition to studying the ground for the prosperity of this thought among Zaidi people in later times. Taking advantage of the valid sources as well as the analysis of data, this writing endeavors to present an illustration on the trend of consideration of Zeid as Mahdi regarding the grounds and elements of this belief. It appears that the thought of Mahdavism among some of his followers was seriously stated concurrent with the advent of Zeid in Kufah and considering the present Hadith heritage, he got famous for invincibility from God at that time. Afterward, Zeid as a Fatimid fighter got candidate for the title of Mahdi at that very time and this thought was developed for a short time after his failure and showing him in Kufah.

In the third and forth centuries after hijrah, Khorasan and Transoxania which were under the domination of Samanids and Ghaznavids were passing the successfully cultural, scientific and economic periods. Besides the various elements, the tradition of vaqf (endowment) was effective in providing ground for this trend and it was considered as an important factor in various affairs of Khorasan people. Now, considering the changes in community of Khorasan in the era under study, the question is that the consumption of vaqf (endowment) was mainly in which direction and which social groups performed this act. This research is to study the role of vaqf (endowment) in the aforementioned era via the descriptive analytical method and relying on library research. The findings of research illustrates that vaqf (endowments) were utilized in three economic, social, and scientific grounds and all the groups were shared in this regard. However, the groups dependent on the government were benefited from more portions due to the political, social motivations and financial afford.

Reflectivity of historical knowledge particularly in terms of determining the power of social powers in traditionalist societies has considered the validation of this epistemological domain as a necessary issue.
The discipline of history has led to the skeptical challenges in concern with the epidemiological value of investigating the history because it is the basis and the criterion of validation of knowledge and sources for the justification of knowledge on the one hand and on the other hand the sources of the knowledge of historians are incapable of providing these ideal criteria.
These changes which can be illustrated in form of epistemology and methodological challenges are stated as the issue of historical knowledge. It appears that any endeavors towards solving the challenges before the historical knowledge is in need of pathology of the issue of historical knowledge by the reidentification of the presumptions.
The present article has concluded that the structure of historical knowledge matter like the other philosophical issues follows the patterns of skeptical reasoning and to put the other way, completing the epistemological criteria of other cognitive domains on the basis of historical studies is the reason of developing the issue of historical knowledge.

Safavid as the first government of Shiite Twelvers was dealing with two religious trends of Sunnites and the followers of non Islamic religions.
The historical sources have presented different and contradictory reports in relation to the way of Safavid’s interaction with them. The present research is to study the interaction as well as the approach of Safavid in time of development and its authority towards the Christians being regarded as the most important religious minority of that time as well as the elements effective on this interaction along with its consequences. This study has been done via the investigation of historical sources in the aforementioned era, the western tourists’ travel books, and the foreign ambassadors present in Iran as well as the results of studies of contemporary orientalists and researchers in relation to Safavid.

The collapse of Bagdad by Holakukhan e- Mongol (366 AC) and (656 After Hijrah) was considered as an important event which terminated the caliphate of Abbasids and it was followed by the considerable religious, political and cultural changes. This research has critically analyzed the seven selective narrations on the collapse of Bagdad by taking advantage of the techniques of analyzing the narrations in order to report the role of narrator, the way of centralizing, the order and the gap within the narrations and to demonstrate how and to what extent the narrations have been developed by presenting them close to reality. The narrations under study have been categorized into three kinds of victorious-illustrating, deviational-illustrating, and novel like. This research clarifies that the elements like proximity to the center of authority; the religion of narrator in addition to the amusing or advising view of him towards the event has been effective on development of narrations.

One of the issues deserving to be investigated in the history domain of Saljuqid era is the status of Islamic religions as well as the sects under their domination.
When Abbasid caliph were about to fall down, the advent of Saljuqids in Iran provided the ground for the re- strengthening of Sunnite religion.
Jibal state as one of the important areas of Iran in Saljuqid era was of great significance due to having the strategic position and element of union between the east and west of Abbasid caliph.
Variety in the sects, the Shiite and Sunnite religions and the distribution of the followers of these religions in different cities of this state had made more salient the role of Jibal state in the middle history of Iran particularly in Saljuqid time.
Relying on the information present in the historical and geographical books related to the western cities of Jibal state in time of Saljuqids, the present research is to clarify the religious position of this area.
The findings of this research illustrates that along with the Shiite Zaidi and Ismaelite minority in Jibal state, all the sources put emphasis on cities of this era as being Shafe’ee.

The science of Islamic historiography in Andalusia has been affected by the other areas in the world of Islam regardless of having its own particular identity.
One of the trends effective on the Islamic historiography in Andalusia is Razi household during the third to fifth century after hijrah and ninth to eleventh (AC) while it has not been done a comprehensive and particular research regarding that.
Relying on the analysis of events, this article is to answer this basic question on the role of Razi household concerning the exchange of experiences of historiography to Andalusia by considering the grounds towards the development of the historiography of Andalusia.
The findings of this research indicates that Hadith procedure along with the realistic historiography of Kufi style provided the ground for the alteration in the historiography of Andalusia by the entrance of historiographers out of Razi household from the third century to the beginning of the forth century.
The tendency towards the development of general history till the end of Omavids in Andalusia and the strong tendency of dominant household towards the gathering of poets and literati’s classes as well as the versified historiography at the end of omavids’ century and strengthening a more intellectualized approach separate from the trend of courtly historiography in later times could be considered as the most important consequences of Razi household presence.

Soqotra island of Yemen which is located among Africa and Arabian peninsula, in spite of having a long history and a determinative role in relation to the commerce of the west and east emperorships, was not so well-known until the year 2008 (AC) when the universal program of natural heritance of Unesco included the species of plants and animals of this location in its list. The present research is to present a report pertaining to the geographical position of Soqotra climate, the first inhabitants, the traditions, the other anthropological aspects, the main historical events, the strategic position of island in region and also the history of presence of European colonialists in there by taking advantage of the reliable historical and geographical sources.

Abu Saeed Abolkheir ( 357- 440 AH ) is one of the Sufi spiritual elders who has attracted the attention of literary and mystic texts towards the statement of his miracles due to his important role in the practical mysticism as well as the social and educational grounds. Undoubtedly, he has had a prominent role throughout the fourth and fifth (AH) in uniting the society with mysticism. Nevertheless, it seems that some literary and mystic texts such as Asrar al-Tawhid related to the aspects and biography of Sheikh Abu Saeed written by one of his grandchildren, Mohammad Ibn e- Monavvar (passing away, 570 After Hijrah) have exaggerated on Abu Saeed’s relation with Ghaznavid and Saljuqid governors.
This is implied from the comparative study of what is stated in Asrar al-Towhid and the contemporary texts written in time of Abu Saeed.
This study is to investigate the political and social role of Abu Saeed in Khorasan in time of Ghaznavid and Saljuqid by comparing the records written in Asrar al-Towhid and the historical texts concurrently present.