فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 30 (بهار 1397)

  Studies of Islamic civilization have interdisciplinary natures. There are many approaches in the field of knowing civilizations including historical, sociological, psychological, geographical, and theological ones. The main issue of this paper is the feasibility of applying different approaches to studies of Islamic civilization. The findings of this study indicate that the exclusive use of each of these approaches in Islamic civilization studies only clarifies one aspect of the multiple layers of Islamic civilization. However, it doesn’t have the ability to analyze other complex dimensions of the civilization studies. In this paper, it has been tried to criticize and analyze the use of different approaches in Islamic civilization studies using an analytical method.

  The works of scholars as well as the sacred texts are influential elements in the lifestyle of every society. They establish a close connection with culture. The manifestation of the beliefs in different cultures is traceable in the works of the scholars, poets and artists of that community. Detection of the concept of death in the Iranian ancient culture depends on the perception of the views of scholars, poets and mystics derived from the sacred texts. The thinking of the scholars affects the people's beliefs and consequently their actions. Therefore, the thoughts and the works of the architects are no exceptions. The way of reflection of death thinking in the architectural works is the main question of this research. Reflection on the concepts of death thinking in culture and religion suggests that these concepts can be traced in the works of the architects. On the whole, it can be said that the concept of the death thinking in architecture is manifested in the immortality of the buildings commensurate with the God, and the mortality of the buildings commensurate with the mortal man.

The tradition and the process of oral narrations in the production, preservation and transportation of the materials and historical information that led to the emergence of the Islamic historiography is a fundamental issue in the Islamic historiography. In fact, the most important source of writing and compiling the historical texts of the early Islamic centuries is the verbal data that has been based on the narrations of the narrators. Due to the oral nature of a large part of the historical information and its gradual registration and editing from one hand, and some factors such as forgery, distortion, and conflict of narrations from the other hand, the validity of the historical sayings, i.e. oral narratives, is the main issue of this research. The first and most comprehensive evaluation criterion for the oral narrations is the sermon of Imam Ali (A.S) in which by dividing the traditions and narrations of the narrators into four groups has criticized the people according to their characteristics. Using a critical - analytical method, this research tries to explain the concept of oral tradition and its role in the Islamic historiography. Validation criteria for the historical narratives and narrators from the point of view of Imam Ali (A.S) were also considered.

The phenomenon that has created the greatest challenge in the Islamic world called ISIS, which is rare in its own way, claims to have a caliphate in the Islamic world. Some Arab countries, Turkey, the West and even Israel have played a key role in feeding this funky movement. The caliphate in the idea of ISIS is faced with the main question of how ISIS's ideas about the caliphate can be analyzed, while their attitudes are less similar to those of the Salafists. The hypothesis is that Sunni's views about the caliphate have severity and weakness and do not own a comprehensive plan regarding the caliphate legitimacy. For this reason, the Theory of Domination is considered as the basis for this thought so that a phenomenon such as ISIS appears as one of the latest versions of the new Salafists claiming the revival of the Islamic caliphate with different motives.

The painters, under the influence of the dominant social class, i.e. the men of bravery, have created images such as the two paintings of Harun al-Rashid in the bathroom painted by Behzad and an unknown artist from the Mashhad school. The purpose of this research is to analyze the principles of the men of bravery in the two above-mentioned works. Data is collected using library resources implementing a sociological research method. The findings suggest that the artist with a particular current view in the society has made a symbolic reference to the men of bravery and the initiation ritual. In the Herat image, by displaying a lot of loincloths which have been the trousers of the masseurs and humiliating the caliph in the corner of the image, the audience has been guided. In the school of Mashhad, the subject of the men of bravery is wrapped. In this image, references have been made to water, the stages of entering the circle of the men of bravery and the high position of the loincloths in the three left parts of the image. In the right part of the image, a hidden reference is made to the caliph besides the ordinary people. Head shaving of the caliph indicates that his position has been lowered and the stages of entering the circle of the men of bravery are felicitated.

Ishraqi philosophy comprising Iranian-Islamic philosophy can be considered as the basis for the study of the role of the philosophical concepts in the Iranian- Islamic art. The aim of this research is to answer the question of how the concepts of Suhrawardi's illumination have been displayed in the Iranian architecture and music. For this purpose, firstly, the concepts of Suhrawardi's illumination have been discussed; then, these concepts have been investigated in the Iranian architecture and music. Finally, a comparative study has been done in these two areas based on the mentioned concepts. The findings of the study suggest that the concepts of Ishraqi philosophy can be clearly observed in the Iranian architecture and music and Suhrawardi's views can be considered as the basis for the conceptual adaptation of these two.