فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1396)

Place attachment is the complex and multi-level concept that people with emotional ties to a specified location, is defined as part of Place. Sense of place attachment is the cognitive and emotional link between human and the environment that is rooted in the individual's characteristics and past experiences, So this feeling is caused the spaces inverted to place with sensory attributes and specific behaviors for the people.
This article clarify the factors affecting the place attachment, including the place identity, place independence and social connections which is measuring and comparing them in the selected neighborhoods of Tehran city in the viewpoint of teenager group. Infact, The aim of this study was to clarify attachment to the place of teenagers, living in selected cummunities of the city of Tehran. The main question raised in this research is what procedures and how much are effected on the interest of the teenage people living in urban community? This essay embarks for a research on the Effect of “Place Attachment” on certain chosen districts in the City of Tehran. The method of research and study in this essay has been an analytical and dialectic process.
This study has been concluded with dispersion of 475 among teenagers between ages 12 to 16 from certain districts of Tehran city such as Elahie, Narmak, Hashemi and Yaftabad District. It is quite necessary to be mentioned that all these districts were chosen in an analytical and systematic way. In this essay the effective factors of “Place Attachment” were basically researched and discovered in those four districts separately.
According to the aim of the measure variables Pearson correlation tests, F test, T test and Tukey was used. In relation to the analysis of statistical tests, F test results showed that the place dependence and place identity as well as place attachment index has significant difference between neighborhoods. However, there was no difference in the variable of social ties among the four neighborhoods. Therefore, due to significant differences in the components of place identity, place independence and place attachment index, Tukey's test was applied to determine which neighborhoods in terms of place attachment and from its components, are similar to each other and could be in the cluster. Considering the meaningful correlation among examined components or studied curves, in general the Tukey test indicates that regarding the “place attachment”, two districts of Yaftabad and Hashemi stand in one category, and the two districts of Narmak and Elahyein another category either. Study of these two categories indicates that the Narmak and Elahiye teenagers have more social connection of place attachment than the teenagers of Yaftabad and Hashemi. Finally, Among the factors affecting the place attachment index, place identity with Lambda coefficient of 0.854 has greatest variance accounted for the other components.So, this means that in promoting the sense of place attachment, place identity is explained this relation better than the other components and strengthen a sense of place identity increases the sense of place attachment from the views of teenager group.

Size of classroom’s windows has significant effects on both comfort level of users and electricity consumption for lighting. Moreover, windows are the main source of energy loss in classrooms in both cooling and heating sectors.
Considering the large number of educational buildings and long life cycle of such them, choosing proper window size is crucial for energy saving in sustainable architectural design. Despite the role that windows have in energy consumption, the literatures are surprisingly limited in providing detailed recommendations for architects in determining the appropriate window size in different climates. Therefore, energy based window design has always been complicated for architects due to the number of involved different components and variables. In order to help the architectural designers, in this paper a new methodology is developed using a well-known artificial intelligence technique. In the proposed methodology, a predictive model for energy consumption cost in terms of window to wall ratio (WWR) and the window facing was created using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The methodology consisted of a limited sets of direct numerical energy simulations for any specific climatic zone to generate the data required for training the ANN. The DOE-2is suggested in the proposed methodology for direct numerical energy simulations of the daylighting scenarios required for training the ANN. The DOE-2 is a popular and powerful computational model developed with financial support of U.S. department of energy. The trained ANN-based model provides a fast and convenient way of comparing the different daylighting scenarios in designing stage. Indeed, further calculations for direct energy simulations are not necessary and an architect can readily utilize the trained ANN-based model as a powerful tool for forecasting the total energy consumption cost. In order to show the applicability and performance of the proposed approach, 288 daylighting scenarios for a standard classroom in a warm and dry climate, Shiraz-Iran, were simulated to determine the corresponding electric and gas consumption. A square classroom of side 7.4 m is the standard classroom defined by Iranian Organization for Renovating, Developing and Equipping Schools. The DOE-2 is utilized for simulating the defined standard classroom in the study area for estimating the annual gas and electric consumption of the generated scenarios over a 50 years period. Included daylighting scenarios were randomly split into train and test sets. In this study, around 80 percent of data were used for training, and the rest were used to evaluate the performance of the trained ANN. The best training and learning functions for different number of layers and neurons was determined in a trial-error process. Correlation Coefficient (CC), Mean square error (MSE) and Root mean square error (RMSE) are the statistical indices used for training procedure. The best results were obtained with 2 hidden layers and 6 neurons per layer. The 'Levenverg-Marquardt back propagation (trainlm)' and 'perceptron weight and bias learning function (learnp)' were the best training functions found for this research. The results show that the trained ANN can accurately predict the total energy consumption cost (RMSE=0.0811, MSE=0.0066, and CC=0.9672).

tourism is among recent postmodern approaches in satisfying the cultural needs of today’s world. This study investigates the dynamics of urban tourism places that can affect the attraction of cultural tourists. Firstly, urban tourism places such as historical places were recognized by implementing an analytical approach, and a framework resulting from their constructing factors in the city was defined. Through analyzing the concepts and objectives of this research, the recognized places were identified as cultural tourism places in the city. Secondly, the researcher conducted an analytical approach to identify how these factors influence cultural tourist attraction using cultural tourists’ experiences to complete the framework and the resulting analytical model. Finally, to examine the research hypotheses in an urban area, Paris City was selected as a case study. Cultural tourism places in Paris were categorize into three distinct groups: 1) permanent historical heritage and cultural or natural places, 2) temporary historical heritage and cultural or natural places, and 3) constant emergence of new art instances in the city resulting from revisiting the role of culture and substituting marginal artists and producing real cultural scenes in different urban places. These three groups were assessed using cultural tourists’ experiences to shed light upon the effect of factors constructing cultural tourism placesas well as factors constructing experiences of cultural tourists. Based on the analyses, the results indicated that cultural tourists search for authentic experiences which come along with the presence of city’s everyday life; such pluralist experiences which are creative in their today’s origin that resulted from active participation of cultural tourists in urban places. Such places are defined as connected factors of urban cultural places separately or collectively. These places include historical, natural and contemporary cultural public realms, local public realms, unconventional urban public realms, and recreational business public realms. These joined temporary or permanent open, semi-open and sometimes-close symbolic physical characteristics along with symbolic cultural social actions; interactions with the presence of cultural tourists and formation of cultural meanings based on their understanding from the spirit of the atmosphere produce a symbolic framework. Surely, places containing cultural meanings, such as artistic, historical, national, mythical, scientific, literary, ethnical, social and recreational, present cultural tourists with authentic and pluralist experiences that derived from understandings the life style and cultural meanings of the hosting society in different ways and can play effective role in attracting cultural tourists. It’s worth mentioning that applying such places as a temporary or permanent localities in holding festival activities and events or presenting and introducing them in informal events to separate production and nonproduction for them in city’s everyday life experience, can lead to creation of different meanings and interpretations of such places that rooted in the identity of these places. Creation of such individual readings and having as many understandings as those who experienced the atmosphere in these cultural places can be more influential in forming a creative meanings in attracting cultural tourists. Other influential factors can be socio-economic factors that can be subject of future investigations.

Human settlements are filled with memories. Sometimes these memories are personal and sometimes they have collective nature. Collective memory is a memory shared between group members and is formed in a social framework, a place context, and through the time. These memories would fill the space with meanings and through them, a space would become a place and a place would become a meaningful, memorable and valuable place.
Today, many place-based researches have been emphasized on the importance of narration and memory in cities.
In this approach the city is considered as a diary of place collective memories. These memories which are rooted in the context of urban places and can form affective bonds between people and places, Furthermore have an important role in formation of people’s place-identity and sense of belonging to place. Having regard for or ignoring these memories (and memorable elements tied to them) in urban interventions, can strengthen or weaken people’s sense of belonging to place and their place identity. This can lead to numerous consequences and results.
Vanishing of memories may cause identity crisis and mental-psychological disease.
Most of researches with the subject of place collective memory are focused on the formation of collective memories in the city and its effective criteria. But the recording and transition of those memories for the future and posterity are given less consideration. Confrontation of people with urban reminders help them to remember memories of the past events. These reminders as forms, functions and meanings would help people to remember urban memories and narrate (tell the story of) the city's past. These reminders are considered as mnemonic aids. But some urban interventions regardless of these memory reference points, would remove city narration consciously or unconsciously over time. Interventions which would make our cities generic, without any memory, history or important feature.
Imam Hussain square intervention plan has been accomplished in 2012 with the approach of maximum changes and today after four years its results could be analyzed. Current research is pursuing the analysis of urban intervention in the Imam Hussain Square to see how it pays attention to place collective memories through protection and strengthening of urban reminders. This research combines existential and First-person phenomenological approaches. With a qualitative Analysis method, it uses content analysis combined with expert analysis. Through the research various gathering information techniques are employed, such as deep interviews, structural interviews with open questions, and expert observations.
The results show that the new design has not succeeded in attention to urban reminders and has failed in using numerous capacities, available in this historic place. Except a few cases, this intervention not only has no attention to forgotten place-memories and urban reminders, but it also has weakened and destroyed the existing reminders.
Even new urban reminders which are erected in this design have not bonded properly with place history and memories. Current research emphasizes the importance of place collective memories and reminding these memories. A pattern for analyzing different types of urban reminders (through analytical map) is introduced.

Today, transport planning is one of the important aspects of urban planning. In this regard, enhancement of the public transport systems and guiding the urban travels towards these systems has found a crucial role in traffic improvement, preventing capital waste and reaching to the sustainable cities. In Mashhad, two systems, namely Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) are defined as the main public transport systems. This research has down with the aim of effect explain of city detailed design texture streets downtown road widening on the process of public transport route designing. It should be noted that the mean of widening is not the rampant road widening but it is just road widening according to approved urban detailed designs. Theoretical foundations of research is theory of urban sustainability. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Research data is obtained from data bank of Mashhad transportation comprehensive studies by documentary study. The most part of zoning in the city of Mashhad mean divided the city to 253 traffic zones has used in order to increase the accuracy of study. The routes of the main public transport lines have re-designed using ant colony algorithm. The algorithm objective function includes variables of population, employment and the surface of trip attractive land uses and the main limitation have been defined as width of streets in two case, present situation and widening streets. So, two reform options of mass public transport systems have been produced. Then, the access index has been measured based on Hansen relation in case of two mentioned alternatives. The research hypothesis testing showed that the access index in case of alternative which achieved road widening is significantly higher than the other alternative. The research results explain importance of city detailed design road widening in view point of improving main public transport routes and increase their efficiency. According to traffic problems of central business districts of mega cities and the consequences of this include air pollution and etc. it is necessary to adopt policies to deal with these problems. One of these policies is transferring trips from private cars to public transportation which requires efficient, reliable transportation. Based on previous studies, the most important performance indicator for public transportation systems is the level of access to such systems. Increasing the level of access to the main public transportation network which will be achieved in the event of implementation of the expected road widening in the city center's detailed plan can increase the use of public transport and consequently use less than personal vehicles. So, though, on the basics of planning sustainable cities, road widening is not a good way to overcome traffic problems but such modifications appear to be necessary in the minimum amount that would allow the design and implementation of a convenient and efficient public transport network. The result of this study proved the above hypothesis. This results reveal the importance of adherence to the results of urban detailed studies, including the development of urban road networks.

Cultural heritages, among which architecture and urban planning are the upmost manifestation, are not rendered to the next generation without making effort. It is a vital prerequisite to benefit from historical remaining essences. The first step in doing so is historical understanding which itself needs not only insight and perception of history of the heritages, but also their content and existential role during the history up to today. In other words we should have a perception accompanied by qualitative understanding of it throughout history which encompasses present time and future. Human, who is a part of boundless universe, is necessarily in need of other parts of such whole being and has a permanent relation with them. If we consider nature, the universe without human, we can conclude that these two are homogeneous and they mutually affect each other. In epistemology, human is in search of criteria for real understanding of the surrounding nature. Therefore epistemologists try to study human mind potentials. Cognition in human history has been appeared as scientific and artistic cognition, through another medium. This cognition is philosophic cognition and also cognition on information and communication. Everyone in this world is feeling their surrounding through the senses, and by their understanding of the world they pass the first step in cognition.
Thus they have a little understanding of the universe. Through passing the second step, human can conceptualize his perception, develop and deepen this understanding and make it more real. Generally through human’s relation to his surrounding world and on the basis of psychology of perception, there are various ways to understand and review architectural relics. Working on and understanding architecture aid us to have better perception of human’s different dimensions; spiritual, material and mental. Studies show that in order to have perception of architecture, firstly we should have broad understanding of the definition of human mind framework in the process of creating the space. It can in itself broaden discussion in this field. In the analysis of a work of architecture together three different space in front is detected: The cultural space developer, personal looks at the cultural space and personal cultural space that expressed the achievements made by the manufacturer and consumers, according to the analysis and based on the knowledge and views of the building, understands anything of the work nature show also differ by individual quarters. This is where we can make an impact and studying the architecture of the two categories realized from each other. Basically, there is a reciprocal relationship between critics and cognitive architecture. By concentrating on the issues in epistemology, a clear-cut method can be gained in our understanding in the fields of art and architecture. The research have been to find a definition for knowledge in the fields of art and architecture. The results of the studies show that to achieve the recognition of architecture, first we pay attention to a holistic concept of architecture that could broaden the field of discussion in this regard.

Digital technologies and the influences of software on the field of architecture, have changed architectural design tools and created questionable situation to deal with hand tools in a new condition with diverse capabilities. Each hand tools and digital applications, in the design process, have their own features and requirements and may somehow challenge the creativity in this process. So that students can take advantage of these technologies to try knowledge, ideas and demands with the mixed abilities. Creativity is a subjective process consisting of the ingenuity and flexibility and design process is based on creative developing that can be expressed by utilizing the tools of architectural design. During the design process, students thoughts acts like an intricate process of mental activity and interacts between creative and critical thinking.The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between creativity, architectural design tools, architectural design process and success rate of these tools in the promotion of this ratio.Hence reviewing of the nature, type, status and application design tool in architectural design process and comparing their efficiency analysis to achieve creative defined in this study is very important. This paper has a comparative- analytical approach. So, after reviewing related literature, the research model is developed. In the next step in a defined statistical community in a field study, status and application of design tools in all phases of the architectural design process are compared with each other about their various aspects and in this way the ability of each to promote creativity in problem-solving process in architecture, is evaluated. The comparison is carried out in two phases of qualitative (observation, interviews and document analysis) and quantitative (questionnaire) methods in architectural design studios, in academic and professional environments in Iran. Finally, summing up the conducted assessments, results of the research is obtained with multiple comparisons. Based on qualitative research, taking advantage of different types of software, specially the kinds of synchronicity, have great success in design process and in the final stage of that. This option is relative in the first stage of the process and depends on the knowledge of Individuals towards software and their type. Quantitative analysis also has confirmed this findings and endorsed the active and effective role of software and the need to complete mastery over them, in architectural design process, both in faculties and professional communities. In the current era, correct use of digital technologies in the process of architectural design, should be organized. Considering the systems development method of phasing models for different layers of architectural design, including digital technologies, and strategic planning for moving towards a dynamic and targeted structures can be helpful to promote skills related to subject, intellectual procedures and motivation in architectural design process.Therefore architectural design education with regard to the role of digital technologies and their comprehensive development, need to keep pace with all levels of strategic and practical plans to promote creativity in the process of architectural design in architectural studios.

In the recent years many of urban management institutions in the world have an emphasis on promoting a bottom-up participatory approach in the neighborhood associations.
‘Neighbourhood management’ is an approach that enables local communities and service providers to work together at a neighbourhood level to improve services and quality of life. It does this by joining up local services and making them more responsive to local needs. It is a process which recognises the uniqueness of each place; allowing the people that live, work or provide services in it to build on its strengths and address specific challenges.In another definition ‘Neighbourhood management’ (NM) is broadly defined as a process which brings the local community and local agencies together, at neighbourhood level, to tackle local problems and improve local services. This process has been particularly applied to deprived neighbourhoods. There are seven key elements of Neighbourhood management: A clearly defined neighbourhood, Resident involvement and support for residents to get involved, A dynamic neighbourhood manager with ‘clout’, A local partnership to provide strategic direction, Support and commitment from the local authority and Local Strategic Partnership, Quality information, Commitment of service providers.
Neighborhood management tackles"quality of life" issues in communities through working to narrow the gap between the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods and the rest of society.it focuses on six target areas:crime and community safety, Education, Environmental qualities, Health, Housing, jobs and Traning.
Its aim is to change the way mainstream services are delivered through: changing corporate policies,reallocating mainstream resources,reshaping the way mainstream services are delivered, joining up services and imporving access for service users. Iran is the country that has low level of citizen participation in urban management .because of this matter in this recent years Trying to achieve neighborhood management- based. Creation of neighborhood houses and community participation in community guidelines are crucial steps towards realize this approach in urban management.
This article aims to evaluate the performance of two neighborhoods House in Tajrish and Shahadat neighborhoods in Region tehran and Effects of neighborhood management- based on the trust of citizens in urban management . Research methods that was employed for this paper is descriptive – analytical and ANP techniques, Mann Whiteney-U test and Spearman's test are statistical methods that used in this research. The results show that neighborhood house in Shahadat neighborhood has been able to witness his performance and for this matter increase the level of citizen's trust in city management unlike Tajrish neighborhood. However the existence of flexible management and use of local expertise is effective for better Neighbourhood management. There are some suggestions in order to improve performance in two neighborhood houses: Published weekly and monthly publications on various topics in neighborhoods, Identify authoritative people and inviting them to the neighborhood houses, Promote participation in decision-making neighborhood houses, Putting useful information on the website to learn more and more local residents about their neighborhood houses, use of neighborhood schools in order to create training programs in association with civil rights and partnerships.