نشریه مطالعات زبان فارسی
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

Sadi Shirazi, in contrast to other poets and writers, has a unique feature that distinguishes him from others. This feature is a realistic and conscious look in the world that Sadi portrays in Golestan. Saadi's look in Golestan is a real land of his world, not of the kind of worldly-wise religious and mystical views that make it practically a narrow, dark and high-risk passage that should close the   eyes and ignore it. The author attempts to portray the image of someone who is related to his real world and is sufficiently terrestrial, contrary to the imagination of those who like to know Saadi as just a mystic or religious preacher.
The typology of human beings in Golestan, attention to the requirements of human nature, the sentimental life, the description of the details of life, (= incident), satire and humor though, empiricism in ethics and social issues, and the discussion of the presence of wisdom is one of the things that This article has been emphasized.

Similarity between taboo and totem is respect or sacredness for each and every objects, races and tribes as well as a specific class or person. This respect and sacredness will result in doing or not doing an action. Needless to say this major importance that taboo does exist in all societies and it embraces both sacred and non-sacred matters and generally conveys a type of prohibition. Each taboo is like a no-entry zone and breaking its limits will result in human or heavenly remonstrance.
It is important to notice that the taboos are, in fact, certain norms, behaviors and sayings that are accepted based on specific values. These values are planned by special groups or societies. Trespassing from these values is or will be difficult or impossible.
In this study we have tried to mention useful taboo and totem terms and principles by utilizing descriptive research. Moreover, we will restrain the meaning of taboo to sacred matters and forbidden issues in religion. Then we will precisely study and analyze sacred and non-sacred matters in various religions. In addition, a number of examples of taboos according to mystics are mentioned in Attar’s Mantiq-ut- Tayr.

Anna Gavalda, the French temporary writer has expressed her withdrawals and everyday experiences with details in her short stories. The main and important feature of her works is reader's identification with characters of her stories. The images of modern man and new life that she presents in her stories leads to the creation of character that gives objectivity to social life in reaction of social conditions of the modern age .The characters that is introduced to reader by speech, behavior, name and apparent face. In her stories, she expresses a slice of life that has sometimes been neglected and with a narrative that creates the lives of individuals, it changes the way the reader perceives. She does not require herself to bring all the elements of the story and uses new methods of characterization Such as the expression of fleeting feelings, the use of dramatic scenes, the expression of a part of everyday life and the emotions of characters, an open ending and engaging the reader in conclusion. This research have reviewed methods and techniques to create in the first story collection of Anna Gavalda and wants to answer this question: what was her characterization methods and what kind of characters has she consumed? The results show that her method is indirect characterization and this kind is promoted from the basic primitive and superficial level to sophisticated level.

Shahnameh is an unmatched graph of Iranian human life from its earliest days. In this valuable work, many aspects of human life such as political, economical, socio-cultural with its details have been depicted.In this regard, considering that Shahnameh is the letter of the kings of Iran, their acts and deeds are at the center of attention. Hence it seems natural for the people of this land to assess the actions of their kings and according to this demons they will praise or condemn them. In this research, while investigating and extracting the actions of kings in Shahnameh attempts have been made to evaluate some kind of practices of the owners of the throne. And in the meantime, the attention of the kings was greatly influenced by certain acts that required social policy. It can be said that the most action that has taken place in Shahnameh is writing a letter and sending the messengers by the kings for statesmanship and this has led to the formation of many relationships and has contributed greatly to the advancement of their goals during their rule.

Romanticism has been recognized as one of the most prominent literary schools affecting the thoughts,concepts and the social and political opinions of the contemperary poets worldwide. It has also reflected on the Persian literature. The present essay is based on analitical-descriptive approach. The most prominent indications of romanticism include imagination,excitement,emotion, individualism,humanism,returning to the nature and remembering death. Death has been remarkably influenced on Shamlu's poems.
The findings indicate that imaginations lead the addressees to a poetic feeling. Imagination has been profoundly touched in the Shamlu's poems. His romanic feelings are shown in his poems. Love and the kindness are like the action and reaction and they are the basic necessities of life. Besides considering the worries and concerns, he has tried to expand human structure far beyond the races,religions and nations Death has been remarkably influenced on the Shamlu's poems.

Persian Literature possesses various magnificent masterpieces in terms of texts and poems that has always attracted researchers and critics’ attention. Furthermore, each of these masterpieces could be related with different subjects of artistic and scientific characteristics, etc. What is done in this article concerns with the magnificent Pir-e-Navazandeh story by Sheikh Abu-Saeid Abu-Khayr that has been admired by Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Attar Nishapuri and Mawlana Jalal ad-Din Mohammad Balkhi (Mawlawi). In this study, we have tried to analytically and descriptively consider the three following subjects based on intertextual analysis and subcontrariety : - Inspiration of the two mentioned poets from Abu-Saeid Abu-Khayr in terms of Lyric Literature in literary contexts.- Considering the structure of music as an artistic subject of the three majestic Iranian as wells as worldwide poets and mystics and finally,- A short description of story and its evolution in terms of visions and concepts with determining distinctions among the stories.In conclusion, we would state that there is not a significant language distinction among the stories and all the three poets have described and defined mystical beauties with extreme precision.