مجله مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی
پیاپی 42 (بهار 1397)

Human beings have been long making shelters to deal with external factors and live with comfort. Later, scientists found that the higher the quality of the interior spaces of the built environment ranging from cooling or thermal comfort, audio and even better interior ventilation has a significant role in physical and, mental health of the residents.
Because of the ruggedness and impassibility of the most mountainous regions, providing thermal comfort with fossil fuels needs electricity and gas grid, which is difficult to achieve, and is not cost-effective. On the other hand, making roads and power grids equals subsequent loss of hectares of forests and consequently tens of plant and animal species. Due to lack of this comfort, forest and mountain dwellers and tribal people are forced to wander and migrate unplanned to urban and suburban areas, which in turn have grounded serious problems. Accordingly, this article pays special attention to the indoor thermal comfort in mountainous settlements.
The case under study was located in Dowsaledeh village (Khorgam, Rudbar) and the main questions that were answered in this research are: A. How can dominant native rural settlements of mountainous areas of Guilan be studied in terms of thermal comfort during the year on valid scientific methods?
B) In what period of the year do these settlements provide suitable thermal comfort and at what times will it be difficult?

There are security and sense of security in cities is one of the most important needs of the citizens that the reduction or lack of them, depends heavily on the quality of life of citizens and their use of urban spaces, particularly urban public spaces is negatively affected. meanwhile spaces are defenseless in a neighborhood of the main factors that reduce or insecurity and sense of security citizens. This issue in worn and old urban areas according to their physical condition and be more social. The aim of this study was investigate urban defenseless spaces in the neighborhood Harandi. research methods is descriptive and analytical and data collection documents - field. in the field of direct observation and questionnaire model safety assessment was to examine the issue. for data analysis SPSS software was used. Cronbach Alpha for the questionnaire designed 0/896 (more than 0/7) is. The results show that safety space at the neighborhood level is inadequate (mean =0/238). The results also indicated that among the index indicators of the presence of people in space (private space or too much congestion) has the greatest impact on defenseless neighborhood spaces (B=0/237). Finally, to improve making safety of spaces defenseless in neighborhood level solutions were presented.

Random urban growth and land use changes will lead to urban development.Changes in land use in urban areas typically reflect the economic development and population growth. Parsabad city as a newly established city in recent years has seen rapid physical development as well. This expansion causes changes in land use and land around of the city. The research method is Descriptive-analytical, Data collection method Documentary and field method, tools used in this research is ENVI 5, IDRISI SELVA, ARC GIS software. In this study in order to, analysis of urban development and land use changes during different periods of remote sensing data and Landsat sensor TM in 1989 satellite images, the ETM 2002 Landsat, Landsat 8 (OLI) 2015 on June months has been used. assessment of urban development scale and different land use areas and analysis of changes in the crosstab function respectively. The results showed that build-up urban land area has expanded from 278 hectares in 1989 to 560 hectares in 2002 and 820 hectares in the 2015 year. The amount of urban development play a major role at the Loss of other lands, especially barren and farm lands, subsequently led to declination of barren land area from 1059 hectares in 1989 to 192 hectares in 2015.

Today, the importance of urban and urban constructions was considered more than ever from environment purifying perspective in a healthy city framework, and it is a necessity of sustainable development. So the concept of a city without green space in its various forms is inconceivable. Given the importance of Green space in urban areas, research of quality and quantity condition of green space and its evaluation in urban areas of Iran has not been formulated. In the wireless part of Zanjan, in addition to the low per capita of urban Green Space compare to existing standards, spatial distribution of this user does not follow the principle of equitable distribution and it is not properly accessible to all people in the city. In general, the lack of proper urban Green Space in this area is the main motivations for this research.According to the results, the more importance is dedicated to social-economic zone. So in order to achieve sustainable development strategy will need to know the external and internal effects of this subject in the level of areas of this city. Until now most studies of urban Green Space are discussed using only one of the physical, socio-economic and environmental variables. But this research evaluated all variables in mixed way by using network analysis model. Therefore, the result of this study can help urban planners to understand and prioritize urban issues and find solutions to solve these problems.

Tourism growing and developing according to the today's current methods is one of the important issues in 20th century. Improving public transportation and increasing private transportation let people to make second house with personal investment while having motives differ from rural healthy enjoyment.
From the beginning of 1380 decad, Ziarat village was noted by urbanists and tourists of second houses, because of the below reasons: having cold and mild weather, original landscapes, beautiful forests, distinct situation for tourism and relaxing, and short distance from Gorgan. The aim of the present study is considering the relation between the second house tourism and its social results in developing Ziarat village. This study is practical and the method is descriptive, analytic and cohesion. The process is field and library. Statistic community is Ziarat's inhabitants. For gathering information, 384 people were asked using field method (questionnaire) and Cochran formula. The results show that among 11 indexes, in 8 indexes of social consequences, there is relation between tourism development of second house and its social result. And there is no relation between them in 3 below indexes: increasing the social relation and mobility, preventing from emigrating of villagers, and reviving the forgotten native knowledge.

Rural environmental protection are considered, including rural development requirement. One of the most important issues in rural areas, is the perfect place to dispose waste. The main purpose of this research is spatial analysis operation using GIS technology and FAHP techniques in order to locate the optimal range waste disposal of Zarrindasht city. For this purpose, in the first stage, using nine information layers which includes layers of information , distance to fault, distance from the canals, geology, soil type, distance to roads, distance from settlements, altitude, slope and land use was formed. Then, a questionnaire was designed for this purpose, and was prepared by the consultant engineers responsible for Rural Guide Plans, and finally experts of Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution were completed that, twenty people have answered the questionnaire completely. The results show that the most optimal landfill sites were near roads and most inappropriate places were near the human settlements. The results obtained from FAHP also suggest that the measure of distance from human settlements was dedicated the most weight to themselves by a coefficient 0/232 and measure of the height was dedicated the lowest weight to themselves. The area of 4626-square-kilometer city of Zarrindasht, 3.83 percent was quite suitable, 48/98 percent was suitable, 35/82 percent was fairly suitable, 9/03 percent was unsuitable and 2/33 was completely unsuitable for landfill.

In this study with the purpose of assessing the status of urban walking vitality and with the survey research, Alam-al-Hoda pedestrian walkway of Rasht is studied. In this regard, the conceptual model of research with four criteria (land use and activity, physical, access and connection and environmental and climatic) and 16 indexes were considered. Then, these criteria are evaluated through questionnaires and by the Likert frame and the questionnaires are completed by 380 users of Alam-al-Hoda pedestrian walkway. Based on the analysis of questionnaires, about the land use and activity Criterion, the index of diversity of people activities in the pedestrian walkway with an average of 2.8 and in the physical Criterion, urban furniture with the average of 2.6 are gained the lowest average of each criteria. Also in the access and connection Criterion, the index of movement fluency on the streets around the pedestrian walkway with the average of 2.5 and in the climatic and environmental Criterion, climatic comfort with the average of 2 have the lowest levels of satisfaction in the people's thought. Then according to the swot table, Mini-Mini Strategy, Maxi – Maxi Strategy, Maxi – Mini Strategy and Mini – Maxi Strategy are presented and scoring and ranking of strategies are done with the AHP technique.

The study of the growth and physical development of cities in the world to date suggests that The paradigm of modernism and postmodernism leads to the development of cities, the development of communication networks and highways, creating satellite towns, and suburbs The greatest impact on spatial and urban areas are left. Modernism and Modernity effect, the basic effects in the areas of social, political, economic, cultural, and physical space is left in the world. In addition to post-modernism in the field of economic, social, political, and in methodology also has some impact The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial structure of Tehran Metropolis is the view of modernism and postmodernism .Methods In this descriptive-analytic study approach And collect information on library studies and documents have been developed. The findings suggest that In modern components such as one-dimensional view of the physical and Urban Development, Drinking space, such as the creation of highways, airports and network Architecture and onstruction of high-rise and grainy Respectively in the first place to third And components such as postmodernism User composition and diversity in housing, There is the principle of authority in the framework of the city and The average density of users combine noted That in the first place to third in terms of influencing the spatial structure of metropolitan Tehran were involved. Therefore, the combination of local knowledge and experience, can maintain the modern and postmodern urban identity, safety, beauty, realize sustainable development.

The conception of "life quality" has considered in regard to the qualitative dimensions of human life, and measure of “life satisfaction” has covered to all human groups and in various forms. Nowadays, the life quality in cities and the satisfaction of it is something that will be addressed in urban management and planning. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the satisfaction of life quality in Germi city (Iran) and comparing of the heptahedral quarters of the city which has done using with 62 mental indices classified in eight variable groups. This research has the objective of the survey and is among the applied research. The populations of the investigation are the Germi's residents among them 378 questionnaires- based on Cronbach formula- were completed by classified random. The reliability of the questionnaire has been measured by using Cronbach's alpha (was found at 0.82). Data analysis was held by single T- test, ANOVA Test (one-way), Croscal Vallis and Friedman Tests as needed. The results show the quality of life in Germi has evaluated in undesired level on behalf of residents and in total the amount of satisfaction from the whole indices is less than the mean (Speculative Mean=3). The one-way ANOVA Test shows there is a difference between individual demographic characteristics of respondents and their idea to urban life quality. Moreover, there are differences between the heptahedral quarters of the city in viewpoint of life quality so that can be classified in four levels.

The majority of researches on rural migration to cities have mainly focused on identifying reasons and factors for taking place this migration until new solutions and strategies can be presented for rural development planning. Therefore, this study has focused on exploring various factors affecting the rural migration to Sardasht city. The study was a quantitative and descriptive-analytic in terms of nature but in terms of data collection method it has used a kind of surveying methodology. Data collection tool was a questionnaire that validated by face validity method as well as the questionnaire's reliability tested by using a Cronbach's Alpha technique. The calculated Alpha's coefficient was 0.79. According to the results of this study, factors affecting migration of rural migrants to Sardasht city can be divided into ten factors: economic and supportive, imbalance between rural and urban facilities, communication and information, cultural, geographical, income, infrastructure, weather and climate, social, and personal factors.

The Mashgh Sq.in the early Qajar period, as a place to protect and defend the city and it was established as a military base. Despite its visual, aesthetic, architectural, historical and cultural values it does not have functions of a lively urban space. This research is based on approach of restoring the urban space in improving the quality of space through induction spirit of social functions and bring back people to urban space. We have tried to provide a conceptual model of main inter-impacts on urban space’s quality. Then, by examining the views of people and experts, it is explained components and effective factors on the revitalization of Mashgh Complex.This article focuses on the functional quality assessment method about Mashgh Square based on a combination of experts and people that make up the weaknesses of each other; it provides a closer analysis of place's quality and could be a basis for the decision making process.The research is practical with analytical-descriptive nature. Its theoretical foundations was set through documentary, library studies and information/data have provided through interviews and questionnaires collected from beneficiaries and experts. The results showed that base on the coefficients of 40 studied varieties, variables of arts and cultural activities, informal activities, nightlife, tourism and recreational activities functional scale, lighting, street furniture, closed space, the effect of the arrangement of space on communication and interaction between people, monitoring and security, the presence of people, landscape and scenery, memorability of space are influenced on the regeneration and functional restoration.

Rural tourism as a socio-economic activity can play an important role in diversification of rural economy by creating job and income opportunities; this can also help to improve and enhance the quality of life in rural communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of second home tourism in quality of life of permanent residents in rural areas of Saidabad County in Ijrud Township. In this applied research we have used descriptive- analytical methods. For data collection field techniques such as questionnaire and interview were used. For data analyzing, statistical tests such as one sample t-test, correlation and multiple variable regression were used. The sample includes villages in Saidabad County and from the total number of 818 households, 216 cases were chosen. The results of study show that tourism developments in the last decade have had positive impacts on the quality of life measures in rural areas. On the other hand, results of regression according to R square coefficient (0.924), indicates the positive effect of second home tourism development in improving the resident's quality of life indicators in the study area; so that among the impacts of expanding tourism second homes on the quality of life, economic index (0.450) and physical- infrastructural aspects (0.349) respectively have the highest impact and institutional and decision making dimension (0.078) has the least amount of impact on quality of life index from the viewpoint of local residents; and these effects, in all cases are significant at 99% level.

One of the undeniable economic and social facts in human societies is tourism. It is an activity that is accomplished as a response to human being’s inner needs to have relaxation, know various cultures and enjoy natural mint attractions. Rural tourism is one of its subdivisions that could plays an important role on rehabilitating the villages ,rAlong this, the present research aimed to study the effect of the residents’ support of developing constant tourism in Darsajin and Golabar rural districts, located in Abhar and Ijrod counties, respectively.The present research is of an applied type in which descriptive analytical approach is implemented. To gather the required data, Desk work(library) and field work research methods(questionnaire –observation)were used. Statistical population of the present study is composed of residents of the two target rural districts ( Darsajin and Golabar) that was estimated 2825 people based on the census done in 2011.Having applied Cochran formula ,290questionnairs were distributed randomly among the people who were living in the rural districts. In order to analyze the data (one-sample t-test, multivariate regression , correlation tests) and Lisrel model were utilized .Findings indicated that there is significant relationship between social dependency indices, costs received, social participation, benefits received and the residents’ support of developing tourism industry .Moreover, it was represented that supporting the constant tourism in the sample districts by residents had positive and direct effects on tourism growth and improved the quality of the residents’ life.

Equitable distribution is health facilities of one the main prerequisites to increase the level of community services and health care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and rank the degree of development of the Zagros Mountains of health - treatment Index care planning model (VIKOR, TOPSIS and taxonomy correction), The results of these three models provide integrated model is based on the integration techniques. Data and information is required which includes 35 variables, refer to the relevant organizations (health, etc.) and the site data been collected (about 90 years). Research Methods (descriptive - analytical) and used Excel and Spss statistical software for analyzing data involving twenty variable. Calculation results have led to maps using ArcGIS for better spatial analysis of development. The results show that the gap between a lot of the enjoyment of health - treatment Index region between the provinces because only Hamadan and Kurdistan provinces are benefiting from the measure are in good condition and the provinces of Kermanshah, Ilam and Lorestan are at a low level compared to the index. The equation changed that right-modification taxonomy model than other models (VIKOR and TOPSIS) to assess the status of development areas because the results of the model with degree and intensity of change is less.

Regarding the fact that in the process of urban planning paying attention to social issues as an integral part of urban plans is inevitable. We can examine and determine the influential approaches on social concepts by designating social sustainability dimensions.
This research was conducted by assuming the lack of social sustainability in residential projects of Mehr housing in Yasouj and its purpose is to identify, evaluate and assess social sustainability indices in Yasouj Mehr housing projects (Sarvak and terminal).
The research method is descriptive _analytical with a practical type. The data collection tools include documentary studies and surveys using questionnaire distribution and interviews with residents. The sample size in this project based on Cochran formula is equal to 300 and the reliability measurement using Cronbach's alpha was 81/0 and data analysis was done using SPSS software.
Despite enormous difficulties in the above-mentioned project (lack of adequate credit for completing these projects, lack of appropriate public places, absence of educational environment and standard per capita,…) through the evaluation of social sustainability indicators, , site belonging, social trust, social participation, the satisfaction of residents of Sarvak of Mehr housing and Yasouj terminal was estimated at its average level (22/3).
This average satisfaction is due to the fact that the residents of these projects are low-income strata of society (disabled and people supported by social institutions).
Nevertheless, the apparent fact is that these projects are of low quality when it comes to the standards.