فهرست مطالب

Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture - Volume:7 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture
Volume:7 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/01/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
|
  • Mohamed Ali Benabderrahim *, Walid Elfallehemail Author, Hayfa Belayadi, Mansour Haddad Pages 1-9
    Purpose
    Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the predominant fruit trees grown in oases ecosystems (Southern Mediterranean regions) and produces several wastes during practicing cultivation since fruit and bunch thinning is frequently applied. Yet, the valorization of date palm wastes as bioresources has received little attention. The main objective for the present research is to assess palm trees compost (P-compost) as organic fertilizer for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).
    Methods
    The experiment was carried out in an experimental field involving four replicates and three soil amendment treatments (1) control, conventional mineral fertilizer diammonium phosphate, (2) 30 t ha−1 of cow manure, and (3) 30 t ha−1 of palm tree compost (P-compost). Plots were planted on with alfalfa and the measurements of studied traits (growth, yield, seed yield and minerals uptake) were determined for two crop seasons (2010 and 2011).
    Results
    Compared with untreated soil, the palm compost application at 30 t ha−1 improved significantly both organic matter and water retention capacity of the soil and decreased the electrical conductivity (− 70%). Furthermore, palm compost supply significantly increased fresh biomass production of alfalfa by 21 and 28%, respectively, during the first and second seasons. Also, it enhanced the grain yield and growth rate (stem length and leafs expansion) of this species. At the first crop season, the palm compost application had a positive impact on minerals nutrition compared to the control treatment, with improving rates of 32% for phosphorus, 25% for potassium and 6% for nitrogen. In addition, these contents were higher than in plants grown under cow manure amendment. However, at the second season, the palm compost improved only P and N contents.
    Conclusions
    This preliminary finding suggests that palm compost at moderate dose (30 t ha−1) could be highly beneficial for forage plant yield.
    Keywords: Date palm compost, Medicago sativa, Biomass production, Essential minerals
  • Rovica Radin *, Rosenani Abu Bakar, Che Fauziah Ishak, Siti Hajar Ahmad, Lim Chin Tsong Pages 11-23
    Purpose
    Production of oil palm seedling in the nursery mainly utilises top soil as polybag medium. These soils, especially in tropical regions, are acidic and have low organic matter content. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) biochar and compost incorporation as amendment in polybag medium for oil palm seedlings growth at the nursery stage.
    Methods
    A polybag experiment was conducted with four biochar rates (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% w/w C addition), two compost rates (0 and 30% v/v), and two fertiliser application rates (75 and 100% of recommended rate). The effects of biochar, compost, and biochar-compost combination on oil palm seedling growth was evaluated and the effectiveness of EFB biochar in retaining soil nutrients was determined indirectly by measuring amount of nutrient leached through the polybag medium.
    Results
    Biochar, compost, and biochar-compost amendment improved polybag media’s chemical properties (pH, total C and N, C:N ratio, CEC, Mg, and Ca). There were no significant effects of the amendments on shoot biomass. However, root growth and shoot:root ratio significantly improved with 1.5% w/w C addition and 30% (v/v) compost with 75% recommended fertiliser rates applied. Furthermore, nutrient leaching measurement indicates that, EFB biochar significantly reduced ammonium-N leaching up to 21–46%.
    Conclusions
    Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of biochar and compost co-application to improve the chemical properties of polybag medium and root development of oil palm seedlings.
    Keywords: Oil palm nursery, Oil palm waste, Biochar, Compost, Nutrient retention
  • Mehdi Zarei *, Vahid Alah Jahandideh Mahjen Abadi, Ameneh Moridi Pages 25-32
    Purpose
    Using different organic beds to produce vermicompost may influence on quality of vermicompost and its derived productions.
    Methods
    A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare the properties of vermicompost, vermiwash and vermicompost tea obtained from three types of organic beds consisted of cow manure, leaf meal and a combination of cow manure and leaf meal (1:1 w/w).
    Results
    Cow manure vermicompost had more desirable effect on many measured traits toward leaf meal and combination of leaf meal and cow manure vermicomposts. Vermicompost tea obtained from three vermicompost types was richer in terms of macro and micro nutrients, C/N, percent of organic matter and organic carbon toward the vermiwash produced from the same vermicompost. Vermiwash and vermicompost tea produced from cow manure vermicompost were at first order in majority of measured traits toward others.
    Conclusions
    Generally vermicompost which was richer in nutrient concentrations affected intensively quality of vermiwash and vermicompost tea produced from it.
    Keywords: Vermicompost, Liquid organic fertilizers, Organic beds
  • Allah Ditta *, Juma Muhammad, Muhammad Imtiaz, Sajid Mehmood, Zheng Qian, Shuxin Tu Pages 33-40
    Purpose
    Phosphorus (P) deficiency in agricultural land is one of the main factors which reduce the crop production and yield. To increase the crop growth, the availability of P using the rock phosphate (RP) can be enhanced using organic waste with the addition of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs). Moreover, the combination along with time and dose application of RP and compost can also affect the P-availability through mineralization and/immobilization.
    Methods
    To investigate the effect of different combinations of RP and compost (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0) and time of application (30, 15, 7, 3 and 0 days before sowing), each was conducted in two consecutive pot experiments while, the rate of application (100–1000 kg ha−1) was investigated under field conditions, in comparison to control (recommended P fertilizer).
    Results
    Rock phosphate enriched compost (RP-EC) with a combination ratio of 50:50; RP and compost applied before 7 days of sowing in pot experiments resulted in the maximum nodulation, growth and productivity of chickpea. Under field conditions, the maximum increase of 35.3% in no. nodules plant−1, 26.7% in dry wt. of nodules plant−1 and 20.8% in grain yield (t ha−1) compared to control was obtained by RP-EC @ 1000 kg ha−1. The same treatment indicated an increase of 12.9 and 4.3% in P contents in straw and grains, respectively, compared to control. However, most results were non-significant when RP-EC applied at the rate of 1000 kg ha−1.
    Conclusion
    Application of RP-EC, with the ratio of 50:50 (RP:Compost) and application rate of 800 kg ha−1 before 7 days of sowing, exhibited maximum growth and development, and can be highly recommended for optimum production of chickpea.
    Keywords: Optimum combination ratio, Rock phosphate, Time, rate of application, Compost Chickpea, Phosphorus
  • Aniek Iriany *, Mochammad Chanan, Gunomo Djoyowasito Pages 41-47
    Purpose
    This study aimed to discover the precise material composition and thickness (water hyacinth, rice straw, and banana pseudostem) of organic mulch sheet.
    Methods
    This current research was conducted by means of a number of treatments with various material compositions and thickness of organic mulch sheet. Several tests were administered such as chemical analyses on organic mulch sheet, tensile strength, and Vilensky test.
    Result
    Various compositions of materials resulted in various chemical analyses of organic mulch sheet. Organic mulch with the strongest tensile strength was during the treatment of 60% water hyacinth, 20% rice straw, and 20% banana pseudostem, reaching 3.28 N/m2. The highest sunlight intensity of mulch composition was during the treatment of M4 (50% water hyacinth, 40% rice straw, and 10% banana pseudostem) with no hole and absorbing.
    Conclusion
    The result showed that water hyacinth, rice straw, and banana pseudostem could be used as the materials for organic mulch sheets. They could add organic matters into the soil, have endurance and strength to apply as mulch in crop cultivation, as well as help plants adapt to climate change.
    Keywords: Organic mulch sheet, Organic matters, Tensile strength, Vilensky, Climate change
  • Trine A. Sogn *, Ivan Dragicevic, Roar Linjordet, Tore Krogstad, Vincent G. H. Eijsink, Susanne Eich-Greatorex Pages 49-58
    Purpose
    The main purposes of the study were to assess the NPK fertilizer value of biogas digestates in different soils and to evaluate the risk of unwanted nutrient leaching.
    Methods
    The fertilizer value of digestates from anaerobic digesters was investigated in a greenhouse pot experiment with wheat in three different soils; silt, loam and sand. The digestates were based on different feedstock and had a low, dry matter content. The fertilizing effect of digestates was compared to mineral fertilizer and manure. To investigate the fate of excess nutrients in soil after the growing season, the pots were leached after harvest. A complementary soil column leaching experiment without plants was carried out in the laboratory.
    Results
    The concentration of ammonium in digestates provided a good indicator of the nitrogen fertilizer value of the digestates. In the silt and loam, the ammonium N fraction in digestates had a fertilizer replacement value equal to that of mineral fertilizer N, whereas the replacement value was higher in the nutrient poor sandy soil. Digestates often have a ratio between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which is not favourable for plant growth. However, the suboptimal balance did not result in reduced plant growth or unwanted leaching from soil.
    Conclusions
    The results show that digestates from biogas production based on fundamentally different feedstock are promising as NPK fertilizers. The N fertilization can simply be based on the digestate NH4 concentration and, at least for wheat production, considerable variation in the concentrations of K and P can be tolerated.
    Keywords: Digestates, Fertilizer, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
  • F. I. Achuba *, M. O. Ja-Anni Pages 59-66
    Purpose
    The pollution of agricultural land by crude oil is a wide spread phenomenon in petroleum producing countries of the world. Therefore, there is the need to find effective and eco-friendly means of mitigating the toxic effect of crude oil on crop plants.
    Methods
    Green house experiment was conducted with cowpea seeds planted in polybags containing crude oil contaminated soil and similar concentrations treated with known amount of abattoir wastewater. The effect of abattoir wastewater (AWW) treatment of the crude oil contaminated soil on the metabolic and antioxidant properties of the leaves of cowpea seedlings was investigated. The concentrations of total sugar, total protein, total amino acid and β-carotene, chlorophyll, starch metabolizing enzymes as well as oxidative stress markers, lipid peroxidation, catalase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase and superoxide dismutase were determined using standard methods.
    Results
    Treatment of the crude oil contaminated soil with AWW resulted in decreases in total sugar, total protein and total amino acid as well as increase in the activities of both α-amylase and starch phosphorylase and total chlorophyll and β-carotene levels compared with those in crude oil alone treated groups. Treatment of the crude oil contaminated soil with AWW also significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and Cu/ZnSOD, but increased MnSOD, catalase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase activities.
    Conclusion
    These observations suggest that abattoir wastewater has the ability to remediate the adverse effects of crude oil polluted soil on cowpea seedlings. Therefore, abattoir wastewater should be harnessed and used in treating crude oil polluted farmland so as to reduce its toxicity on crop plants.
    Keywords: Abattoir, Cowpea, Crude oil, Metabolism, Antioxidants
  • Adebayo Abayomi Olowoake *, Oluremi Solomon Osunlola, James Adebayo Ojo Pages 67-73
    Purpose
    This study was conducted to determine the effect of compost supplemented with jatropha cake on maize (Zea mays L) yield in a degraded soil and their residual effects on soil fertility in Ilorin, Nigeria.
    Methods
    Field trials were conducted at Kwara State University Teaching and Research Farm, Malete, in 2016/2017 cropping season. The treatments consisted of control, un-amended compost Grade B supplemented with Jatropha cake AJ (30% Grade B 70% JC) at 1.5 t/ha, BJ (30% Grade B 70% JC) at 2.0 t/ha, CJ (50% Grade B 50% JC) at 2.5 t/ha including NPK at 60 kg N/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times.
    Results
    Maize grain yield (3.1 t/ha) was obtained from CJ at 2.5 t/ha this was significantly (p
    Conclusion
    Fertilizer 50% Grade B 50% Jatropha cake at 2.5 t/ha had a significant and positive effect on soil fertility after harvesting of maize when compared with NPK in both cropping.
    Keywords: Degraded soil, Fertilizer, Jatropha cake, Maize yield, Un, amended compost
  • Thadeu Rodrigues De Melo, RogErio Resende Martins Ferreira, Deisi Navroski *, Clarissa Tieme Matsuda Feltran, Jo, Atilde, O. Tavares Filho Pages 75-81
    Purpose
    Sugarcane vinasse is generated in large amounts and can be utilized to improve soil attributes, especially in areas degraded by burns. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of sugarcane vinasse on physico-chemical attributes of a Cambisol managed via annual burns.
    Methods
    Soil samples were collected from an annually burned area under pasture and used in an experiment in pots to evaluate the effects of dosages of vinasse (0, 18.8, 37.5, 56.3, 75.0, 112.5, and 150.0 m3 ha−1) on water-dispersible clay, pH H 2 O, organic matter, K, Ca2 Mg2, and K(Ca2 Mg2).
    Results
    The results showed that vinasse application reduces water-dispersible clay, does not alter pH H 2 O , and increases organic matter, K, Ca2 Mg2, and K(Ca2 Mg2). The water-dispersible clay was reduced by the formation of bonds with organic matter, which overlapped the repulsive forces intensified by the increment of K(Ca2 Mg2). The estimated vinasse dosage that provided the minimum water-dispersible clay (69 g kg−1) was 110 m3 ha−1.
    Conclusions
    Vinasse can be applied to improve the physico-chemical attributes of soils degraded by annual burns.
    Keywords: Organic fertilization, Soil flocculation, Sustainability, Soil restoration
  • Govindapillai Seenan Rekha, Patheri Kunyil Kaleena *, Devan Elumalai, Mundarath Pushparaj Srikumaran, Vellaore Namasivayam Maheswari Pages 83-88
    Purpose
    Vermicomposting is an environmentally and economically friendly process to decompose organic waste. India’s agro-industrial sector contributes huge resources of plant materials in the form of compost. In this study, 50% of vermicompost was compared with plant growth enhancers on the exo-morphological features of C. annum. A significant plant growth was recorded in plants treated with Vermicompost. The present study aims to promote soil health and its plant growth providing effects further substantiating the use of organic amendments instead of fertilizers. Vermicompost contains a combination of macro- and micro-nutrients and the uptake of the nutrients has a positive effect on plant nutrition, growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content of the leaves.
    Methods
    Pot studies were carried out in ten replicates and four soil amendment treatments: (1) Control, 100 ml distilled water (2) 50% Vermicompost of soil (3) 10 ml of Gibberellic Acid 90 ml deionised water (GA 100 µg/ml)—10 ml Indole Acetic Acid 90 ml deionised water. Pots were planted with C. annum and the measurements of studied traits (length of shoot, length of internode, leaves number and number of branches were determined.
    Results
    The effect of plant growth enhancers like GA, IAA was compared with 50% vermicompost applications. Significant improvement in all the parameters, like length of shoot, length of inter node, number of leaves and number of branches was observed in plants at the end of 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks of treatment.
    Conclusion
    Plants treated with 50% vermicompost showed significant growth than Gibberellic acid (GA)- and Indole acetic acid (IAA)- treated plants. These results clearly indicate that vermicompost can be exploited as a potent biofertilizer.
    Keywords: Vermicompost, Earthworm, Plant growth regulators, Gibberellic acid, Indole acetic acid