نشریه مطالعات زبان و گویش های غرب ایران
سال ششم شماره 20 (بهار 1397)

Residents of Fereidoun-shahr, Isfahan, speak Georgian language which is derived from the southern branch of the Caucasian languages. This language has been lexically affected by Persian while interacting and coexisting with it. The aim of this article is to examine the morphological structure of Georgian color terms of Fereidoun-shahr and provide a metaphorical-cognitive analysis of the terms in the framework of cognitive semantics and Berlin and Kay's (1969) study. The population of this field study included all Georgian speakers of the city and the sample consisted of 10 speakers who were chosen via accessible sampling. The findings reveal that a small number of the color terms are morphologically simple and only six of them, including thԑthri (white), ∫avi (black), tsˡithԑli (red), tsˡɔnԑ (green), qˡithԑli (yellow) and lurǰi (blue), make Georgian basic color terms while a great number of them, i.e. the non-basic ones, are complex, compound, or compound-complex and are mostly borrowed from Persian. Moreover, some of the Georgian color terms are metaphorical and/or are applied in metaphorical linguistic expressions which mostly carry negative semantic and emotional load. Due to the geographical location, social life-style and the simple way of living of the Georgian people, the number of their color terms, compared to that of Persian, is very small.

Small clause is considered as a constituent with [NP XP] structure which can appear as the argument of “consider-type” verbs. In some languages like French, Swedish, Arabic and Farsi the aforesaid chain makes a constituent called “Small Clause”, SC from now. As a matter of fact, since the appearance of the term SC in Linguistics by Williams (1974), a considerable number of studies have been devoted to investigate the constituency and categorical status of SCs. However, this topic is still controversial. SC complements are the structures with a subject NP and a predicate XP which have the clausal characteristics and predicative meaning. The XP can be a noun phrase, adjective phrase or a preposition phrase. The present study aims at providing some arguments on constituency of the chain [NP XP] as the complement of consider-type verbs in Mokryani Variant. Providing some arguments and diagnostic tests, this chain is proved to make a constituent in this variant. Consequently, the chain [NP XP], as the argument of consider-type verbs, makes a constituent called “Small Clause”.

In all human languages, there are some linguistic units which are in the midway between words and dependent morphemes. They have some properties of full words as well as some characteristics and properties of dependent morphemes. We call them clitics. The aim of this study is to investigate the properties of clitics in the Maraghe dialect of Azerbaijani Turkish to describe and investigate its clitic units. The method used in this study is a descriptive-analytic one. The data of the study were culled from the type of Turkish which is spoken in Maraghe, West Azarbayjan from different Turkish sources as well as the intuition of the writers as the native speakers of this type of Turkish. This article tries to introduce clitics in Turkish in possessive pronouns, linking verbs, accusative marker and so on. The analysis of clitics was conducted within the Zwicky and Pullum (1983) method and also used in Shaqaqi's (1374) framework. As the results of this study show, the most important finding of this study is that t in Azerbaijani Turkish, there are both proclitic and enclitic units including possessive pronouns, linking verbs, accusative marker, and some other units. Also, this study indicates that the mentioned framework can be used in recognizing and studying Turkish clitics as a scientific instrument.

The appearance of arguments of a verb in different ways is called Argument Alternation. The aim of this paper is to study locative alternation in Persian. Locative alternation is defined as follows: The arguments of some locative verbs like “bar zadan” (load) can appear in two different ways. In locative variant the theme is realized as the direct object with “Ra” and locative argument as indirect argument whereas in objective variant the locative argument is realized as the direct object with “Ra” and the theme as indirect argument. The most important feature of locative alternation in many languages is holistic/partitive effect. Based on this effect, if the theme or the locative argument is realized as the direct object they will be associated with holistic reading but in the form of indirect object, they can be associated with holistic or partitive reading. Studying locative alternation can help us find answers to a number of questions concerning Persian grammar. In this paper, it is shown that in Persian, locative alternation verbs do not have the holistic reading in their objective variant. The so called Objective variant is the result of a change in the point of view toward the locative argument and following Dabir Moghadam, in this variant, locative argument is considered to be the secondary topic, though it is accompanied with “Ra”.

Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research investigates adjectivalization and deadjectivalization in Persian within the framework of the Typological Prototype Theory. The research specifically aims at describing and explaining the two phenomena of adjectivalization and deadjectivalization in Persian, determining the prototypicality degree of the parts of speech resulting from these two processes, and evaluating the Typological Prototype Theory in determining the prototypical features of the adjectivalized nominals and nominalized adjectivals. The raw data were primarily selected by the researchers, analyzed based on the criteria and sub-criteria of the Typological Prototype Theory, and substantiated in the Persian Language Database and Bijankhan Corpus. This research shows that the category shift in the adjectivalization phenomenon is from the

The present research aims to investigate constraints on the productivity of denominal verbs and deadjectival verbs in Standard Farsi. Also, the relation between transparency and productivity of this verb pattern is considered. The study method is descriptive-analytic and the data collection is corpus-based. For this purpose, a list of 90 respective verbs from a self-made written corpus including 824000 words and also a spoken corpus which is recorded from daily conversations of Persian speakers are provided. The token frequency of these verbs in written and spoken corpus is respectively 1700 and 775. Studies show that these verbs do not select vowel-ending words as their base. Also, most of the bases for such verbs are monosyllabic and few are disyllabic. About the morphological constraints it should be noted that, among different word categories only nouns and adjectives are used as the base for these verbs. But the main factor restricting the productivity of such verbs is blocking in which synonymous compound verbs block the construction of equivalent simple verbs. Despite the structural constraints mentioned, which block the construction of potential verbs with this pattern, pragmatic constraint has a substantial role in refusal of actual verbs by language users. Also, about the relation between transparency and productivity it is found that semantic transparency have no effect on the productivity of these verbs.