نشریه مطالعات زبان و گویش های غرب ایران
سال یکم شماره 4 (بهار 1393)

Generative linguists are specifically interested in phonology as an important part of the grammar of any language. Generative phonology the beginning of which can be attributed to Chomsky and Halle (1968), has been proposed in terms of specific patterns and models over the times. The present study, in the form of fieldwork, studies phonological inventory (including consonants and vowels) of Sarhaddi Balochi dialect of Granchin (SBG) based on a generative phonological framework. It follows Burquest’s (2001) model of phonology to verify the identity of each phoneme. For this purpose, the linguistic data of Sarhaddi Balochi dialect collected in Granchin district of Khash city in Sistan and Baluchestan province is investigated. The Linguistic corpus used in the present study is mostly based on the purposeful recording of speech in the form of interview and elicitation procedures. Language consultants of this research include 10 consultants, who were illiterate and of different ages, between 60-80 years. The findings of the study show that, Berquest’s (ibid) phonological model of phoneme is applicable to identify consonant and vowel inventory of Sarhadi Balochi of Granchin. The results also denote that there are 21 consonants in the phoneme system of this dialect, including: 8 stop consonants, 5 fricative consonants, 2 affricative consonants, 2 nasal consonants, 1 trill consonant, 1 lateral consonant, and 2 glides as well as 9 vowels including: 6 simple vowels and 3 diphtongs.

In this paper we aimed at eliciting and comparing the mental models of Persian and Hawrami speakers. For this purpose we drew the models which we believed Persians have in their minds regarding the verb “xoɾdæn” and Hawramis have regarding the verb “waɾdæj”. Both models are complicated but as deeply similar as one can neglects their slight differences. Both models have three reiterated patterns in common. Therefore, on the basis of the arguments one can make upon the elicited patterns, we can conclude that the various meanings of the verbs in both languages coincide in many ways.

Language as a productive and dynamic phenomenon has been changing along with man’s progress. A change frequently observed in most languages is borrowing due to extensive relationships among people of different languages. Borrowing has different types such as phonological borrowing, lexical borrowing, and grammatical borrowing. From a structural point of view, words are divided into simple, compound, derived, and derived-compound; however, in the process of borrowing, this structure is sometimes transformed and the borrowed (loan) element can appear differently in the target language. Studying 1000 words borrowed (loan) from Turkish into Persian, the present research categorizes them based on the original and secondary structure of such words. They are categorized in 7 classes. In the order of frequency, these processes are as follows: 1- derived Turkish into simple Persian 2- simple Turkish into simple Persian 3- compound Turkish into simple Persian 4- derived-compound Turkish into simple Persian 5- Turkish affix into Persian affix 6-Turkish affix into Persian simple word 7- simple Turkish word into Persian affix. The results show that borrowing process in Persian Language is not so sensitive to the internal morphological structure of the borrowed (loan) words and adopts them as a single unit into Persian language.

The purpose of this article is to study and describe the consonantal phonological processes in common words between the standard Persian language and Hawrami language (Hawramane Takht dialect), one of the members of the new northwest Iranian family of languages. For gathering data, we have done and recorded an interview with ten native speakers, men and women, literate and illiterate, aged between thirty and eighty for about five hours. Furthermore, we have used one of the writers, linguistic intuition who is the native speaker of this dialect and written sources in this connection as the background of the research. The data has been analysed within the framework of generative phonology and transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "IPA". The research is analytic descriptive. By analyzing data, the different kinds of consonantal phonological processes like assimilation, deletion, insertion, fortition, lenition, and metathesis were studied. The most frequent consonantal phonological processes were deletion, lenition, and assimilation and the least frequent ones were insertion, metathesis and fortition respectively.

This article explores the semantic category of modality to clarify how Persian modality can be illustrated through cognitive approach? And what is the interaction of mood and modality in Persian? The aim of this study is to test cognitive theories by Persian data. To do this, first we introduce the cognitive theories such as subjectification, force-dynamic theory and revolutionary reality then we examine Persian data within these frameworks. As modality has not been distinguished as an independent syntax unit in Persian, we also study the Interacting categories such as “negation”, “tense” and “evidentiality”. Unlike English, modal verbs in Persian have not got grounding predicator’s status so for the interpretation of modality phenomena, in Persian, mood has a critical role. To do this study, first we introduce the related theories, then we attest Persian data within cognitive schemas and in the end we come up with the conclusion. According to this study, it seems in Persian we can classify modal verbs base on cognitive definition such as locus of potent, the type of force and subjectification. And modal verbs have schemas of modality but not grounding predicators’ status so it is mood which has this role.

Systemic functional grammar (SFG), as a functional linguistic theory, is a form of grammatical description originated by Halliday. Stylistics is one of the fields in which SFG can be applied to analyze literary texts. The present study aims to stylistically and lexically analyze the verbs in Rostam’s Seven Labours (Haft Khan) in Shahname. The achieved findings with regard to material, relational, mental, behavioural, verbal and existential processes developed in interpersonal metafunction indicate that material process is dominant in the verbs’ utilized in the studied story. In comparison to other processes, material process has had the highest frequency at the first level in each labour, and at the second level in all labours. Chi-square test demonstrates a significant difference between material process frequency and other processes frequencies at the second level which can be rooted in Shahname’s epic context and detailed descriptions of each labour’s events to advance readers’ tangible and objective understanding about the story. By and large, higher frequency of mental process in Rostam’s Seven Labours (Haft Khan) in Shahname helps readers to gain an objective understanding of each labour’s events and visualize them.