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پژوهش آب ایران - پیاپی 27 (زمستان 1396)

مجله پژوهش آب ایران
پیاپی 27 (زمستان 1396)

  • 126 صفحه،
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/01/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • حجت احمدی *، طیبه ابطحی، نصرت آقازاده صفحه 1
    در این تحقیق تاثیر هدایت هیدرولیکی بر پدیده نشت غیرماندگار از بدنه سد خاکی غیرهمگن به وسیله نرم افزار GeoStudio و زیرمجموعه آن،‏ SEEP/W بررسی شد. هدایت هیدرولیکی در دو حالت مختلف به صورت تابعی از مقدار مکش و به صورت مقدار ثابت در نظر گرفته شد. مقایسه نتایج حاصل از تحلیل های عددی با داده های پیزومترهای نصب شده در بدنه سد نشان می دهد که با اعمال هدایت هیدرولیکی متغیر،‏ مقدار خطا در پیش بینی فشار آب منفذی تا ده برابر کاهش پیدا می کند. همچنین مقایسه نتایج حاکی از آن است در حالتی که هدایت هیدرولیکی به صورت تابع اعمال می شود،‏ مقدار فشار آب منفذی حاصل از تحلیل،‏ بیشتر از حالتی است که مقدار هدایت هیدرولیکی ثابت فرض شود. مقایسه مقادیر نشت محاسبه شده در حالت های مختلف نیز نشان داد که مقدار نشت در حالت هدایت هیدرولیکی متغیر کمتر از حالتی است که هدایت هیدرولیکی به صورت ثابت اعمال می شود در برخی موارد این اختلاف بیش از بیست برابر است. همچنین این بررسی نشان می دهد که به کارگیری هدایت هیدرولیکی ثابت،‏ توزیع فشار در پی را دقیق تر برآورد می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: نشت، نرم افزار SEEP، W، تابع هدایت هیدرولیکی، فشار آب منفذی
  • علی پاسیار *، عبدالحمید انصاری صفحه 13
    تعیین ضرایب هیدرودینامیک آبخوان ها،‏ از جمله،‏ هدایت هیدرولیکی و ضریب قابلیت انتقال آب،‏ در مطالعات هیدروژئولوژی بسیار حائز اهمیت است. تاکنون مطالعات زیادی در زمینه تعیین ضرایب هیدرودینامیک آبخوان ها با استفاده داده های ژئوفیزیک مقاومت ویژه و به کمک روابط تجربی انجام شده است. از جمله مزایای این روش در مقایسه با روش آزمون های پمپاژ،‏ صرفه جویی در هزینه و زمان و در نتیجه برآورد ضرایب هیدرودینامیکی در تعداد نقاط بیشتری از سطح آبخوان می باشد. در این پژوهش علاوه بر معرفی و کاربرد روش مذکور بر داده های مقاومت ویژه آبخوان،‏ ضرایب هدایت هیدرولیکی و قابلیت انتقال آب آبخوان آبرفتی قسمت غربی دشت پیرانشهر واقع در استان آذربایجان غربی محاسبه شد. در این پژوهش،‏ مقادیر هدایت هیدرولیکی و ضریب قابلیت انتقال آب آبخوان با استفاده از داده های مقاومت ویژه به ترتیب (m/day) 23 و (m2/day) 3200 برآورد شد. از روی داده های آزمون پمپاژ نیز ضریب هدایت هیدرولیکی (m/day) 8 /37 و ضریب قابلیت انتقال آب (m2/day) 2980 محاسبه شد. نزدیک بودن مقادیر به دست آمده با نتایج حاصل از کاربرد دو روش مذکور نشان می دهد که روش مقاومت ویژه الکتریکی می تواند،‏ روش مناسبی برای تخمین و ارزیابی ضرایب هیدرودینامیک آبخوان ها باشد. لزوم اطلاع دقیق از ابعاد ذرات آبخوان،‏ ضریب سیمان شدگی و ضریب پیچاپیچی رسوبات و ثابت نبودن این مقادیر در مناطق مختلف سطح آبخوان،‏ از چمله محدودیت های این روش است.
    کلیدواژگان: آزمون پمپاژ، ضریب قابلیت انتقال آب، مقاومت ویژه الکتریکی، آبخوان، دشت پیرانشهر، هدایت هیدرولیکی
  • فرشید شوشتریان، سید محمدرضا علوی مقدم *، الهه کوثری صفحه 23
    هدف اصلی در این مقاله،‏ مطالعه حذف رنگزای قرمز بازی 46 از محلول آبی با استفاده از جاذب نانولوله کربنی چنددیواره عامل دار (کربوکسیل) است. در این زمینه،‏ اثر پارامترهای زمان تماس،‏ pH،‏ غلظت جاذب و غلظت اولیه رنگزا از طریق آزمایش های کلاسیک جذب بررسی شد. براساس نتایج به دست آمده،‏ شرایط بهینه عملکرد در زمان تعادل جذب 80 دقیقه،‏ pH بهینه جذب 9،‏ غلظت جاذب بهینه 05 /0 گرم بر لیتر و غلظت اولیه رنگ زا 150 میلی گرم بر لیتر به دست آمد. بیشترین ظرفیت جاذب منتخب برای جذب رنگ زای قرمز بازی 46،‏ 265 میلی گرم بر هر گرم جاذب با درصد حذف قابل قبول (95%) به دست آمد. برای فرایند جذب،‏ مدل ایزوترم فروندلیچ (9533 /0R2= و 33 /2RMSE =) در مقایسه با سایر مدل های ایزوترم نتایج بهتری نشان داد. همچنین نتایج بررسی ها نشان دهنده این است که سینتیک جذب با مدل سینتیکی مرتبه شبه دوم (9260 /0R2= و 23 /2RMSE =) هماهنگی دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: ایزوترم، جاذب پایه کربنی، سینتیک، رنگزای صنعتی، نانو جاذب ها
  • محمدحسن رحیمی *، نصرالله کلانتری، علیرضا زراسوندی، رضا محمدی احمدآبادی صفحه 33
    منابع آب زیرزمینی در آبخوان شریف‏آباد در شمال‏شرق قم شامل یک آبخوان آبرفتی آزاد است. آلاینده های مهم در منطقه مورد بررسی شامل پساب تصفیه خانه های فاضلاب شهر قم‏‏،‏‏‏ آلاینده کشاورزی و باغبانی‏‏،‏‏‏ نشت از محل‏‏‏های دفن زباله بهداشتی و...‏‏ است. این آلاینده ها احتمال آلودگی آبخوان شریف‏آباد را افزایش داده است. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی میزان آلودگی آبخوان شریف‏آباد به انواع آلاینده ها است. برای رسیدن به این هدف در اردیبهشت ماه 1392 در یک دوره از 50 حلقه چاه عمیق با توزیع مناسب،‏ نمونه برداری شد و پارامترهای فیزیکی (رنگ،‏ دما،‏ کدورت،‏ TSS،‏ pH،‏ EC،‏ TDS،‏ DO،‏ BOD5 و COD) ،‏ یون‏های عمده (Ca،‏ Mg،‏ SO4،‏ Cl،‏ Na و K) ،‏ برخی عناصر فرعی (NO3،‏ NO2،‏ NH4،‏ PO4،‏ I و Br) ،‏ برخی عناصر کمیاب و فلزات سنگین (B،‏ As،‏ Ba،‏ Co،‏ Cd،‏ Fe،‏ Hg،‏ Pb،‏ Ni،‏ Sn و Z) و پارامترهای بیولوژیکی (TC،‏ FC و FS) اندازه‏گیری شد. برای ارزیابی آلودگی آبخوان شریف آباد از دستورالعمل‏‏ آب آشامیدنی- ویژگی های فیزیکی و شیمیایی،‏ ویژگی های میکروبیولوژی‏‏ و راهنمایی برای کیفیت آب آشامیدنی سازمان بهداشت جهانی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد آلودگی های انسان زاد در آبخوان کمتر از بیشینه‏ های مجاز تعریف شده در استانداردها‏ بود. با این وجود غلظت NO3 در بعضی نمونه ها به آستانه آلودگی نزدیک شده بود. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‏دهد که یکی از عوامل بازدارنده عدم گسترش مواد آلاینده در آبخوان عمق زیاد تا سطح ایستابی است.
    کلیدواژگان: آلودگی آب، کیفیت آب، شوری، آبخوان شریف آباد، پایش آبخوان
  • ارسلان فاریابی *، بهزاد قربانی، عیسی معروفپور، برزان بهرامی کمانگر صفحه 45
    زمان و مکان انسداد نسبی قطره چکان ها،‏ در شرایط استفاده از پساب،‏ در آبیاری قطره ای،‏ موضوع مهمی است که در این پژوهش،‏ به طور خاص در مورد پساب مزارع پرورش ماهی بررسی شد. برای این منظور،‏ سه تیمار آبیاری قطره ای اجرا و در هر تیمار،‏ از قطره چکان های نتافیم و میکروفلاپر با دبی های 4 و 8 لیتر بر ساعت استفاده شد. طی یک فصل،‏ 42 نوبت آبیاری با استفاده از آب متعارف (به عنوان شاهد) و پساب پرورش ماهی (با تخلیه و بدون تخلیه انتهایی لوله ها) صورت گرفت. نرم افزار آماری SAS برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها استفاده شد. در هیچ کدام از بازه های زمانی از ابتدا تا انتهای فصل آبیاری،‏ میزان گرفتگی قطره چکان های نتافیم به حد بحرانی نرسید؛ اما گرفتگی قطره چکان های میکروفلاپر تیمارهای پساب،‏ در اواخر فصل آبیاری بیشتر از حد بحرانی شد. بیشترین گرفتگی قطره چکان ها نیز در یک سوم انتهایی لوله ها رخ داد که این موضوع در قطره چکان های 8 لیتر بر ساعت و به خصوص قطره چکان های میکروفلاپر شدیدتر بود. به طور کلی،‏ نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو تیمار استفاده از پساب،‏ عملکرد قطره چکان های نتافیم به طور معنی داری (P<0.05) بهتر ازقطره چکان های میکروفلاپر بوده است. همچنین قطره چکان نتافیم 4 لیتر بر ساعت،‏ نسبت به سایر قطره چکان ها،‏ کمترین وابستگی را به کیفیت آب و شیوه مدیریت آبیاری داشت.
    کلیدواژگان: آبزی پروری، قطره چکان نتافیم، ماهی قزل آلای رنگین کمان، قطره چکان میکروفلاپر، آب نامتعارف
  • پرستو همه زاده، حسن ترابی پوده *، حجت الله یونسی صفحه 55
    استفاده از روش های بهینه سازی برای تعیین سیاست بهره برداری از مخازن،‏ مساله ای مهم در برنامه ریزی و مدیریت منابع آب است. در مقاله حاضر از الگوریتم بهینه یابی نیروی مرکزی (CFO) برای بهره برداری بهینه از سد دز واقع در استان خوزستان با هدف تامین نیاز کشاورزی برای پنج سال آماری استفاده شده است. ابتدا با توجه به محدب بودن تابع هدف جواب بهینه مطلق بهره برداری توسط نرم افزار لینگو محاسبه شد. الگوریتم CFO با سرعت همگرایی قابل قبولی مساله را حل کرد. مقدار تابع هدف با استفاده از نرم افزار لینگو برابر با 7303 /0 به دست آمد و این مقدار با استفاده از روش CFO برابر با 73604 /0 محاسبه شد که تنها 7 /0% با بهینه مطلق اختلاف دارد. می توان نتیجه گرفت که الگوریتم بهینه یابی نیروی مرکزی توانایی حل مسائل پیچده تر و با مخازن بیشتر را نیز دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: فراکاوشی، الگوریتم بهینه یابی نیروی مرکزی، تک مخزنه، بهینه سازی هیدروسیستم ها
  • فرزانه قادری نسب گروهی *، کورش قادری، محمدباقر رهنما صفحه 63
    روش‏های معمول برای برنامه ریزی توزیع و تحویل آب در شبکه های آبیاری،‏ بیشتر تجربی هستند که توزیع و تحویل نامناسب در شبکه و به تبع آن نارضایتی کشاورزان را به دنبال دارند. مساله توزیع و تحویل آب در شبکه آبیاری یک مساله بهینه‏سازی چند ‏هدفه،‏ چند متغیره و چند محدودیتی است که برای حل آن می‏توان از الگوریتم‏های تکامل‏گرا بهره برد. در این مطالعه دو الگوریتم رقابت استعماری (ICA) و بهینه سازی ازدحام ذرات (PSO) برای تدوین برنامه توزیع و تحویل آب به کار گرفته شدند. برنامه تحویل آب در انشعابات کانال‏ توزیع کننده به گونه‏ای ارائه شد که اهداف متفاوتی اعم از کاهش ظرفیت کانال توزیع‏کننده و کاهش زمان مورد نیاز برای تکمیل برنامه آبیاری به صورت تک هدفی و دو هدفی بهینه شد. برای کنترل و بررسی برنامه تدوین شده،‏ برنامه بهینه تحویل آب در شبکه آبیاری فومنات در غرب گیلان از مدل تدوین شده،‏ استخراج شد و با نتایج برنامه بهینه ارائه شده با الگوریتم ژنتیک (GA) و الگوریتم جمعیت مورچگان (ACS) مقایسه شد. در نتیجه مطالعه مشخص شد الگوریتم ICA نسبت به سه روش دیگر،‏ برنامه تحویل مناسب‏تری دارد. بعد از الگوریتمICA الگوریتم‏های PSO و ACS عملکرد بهتری دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: الگوریتم های PSO و ICA، برنامه توزیع و تحویل آب، بهینه سازی، کانال BP14 شبکه آبیاری فومنات
  • فهیمه مختاری *، سعید سلطانی، سید علیرضا موسوی صفحه 73
    در این مطالعه با استفاده از مدل HEC-FIA به عنوان یکی از مدل های جدید (2012) ارزیابی آثار و خسارت های ناشی از سیل،‏ به محاسبه خسارت کشاورزی،‏ ساختمانی و انسانی ناشی از سیل در حوزه آبخیز قمصر پرداخته شد. به منظور دستیابی به این هدف و افزایش دقت در شناسایی مناطق پرخطر،‏ جریان های ماندگار و غیرماندگار با دوره های بازگشت مختلف به وسیله نرم افزارهای HEC-GEO RAS و HEC-RAS شبیه سازی شد. برای تهیه نقشه های سیل گرفتگی لازم است کانال رودخانه و مورفولوژی آن به منظور استخراج پارامترهای سه بعدی مقاطع عرضی و هیدرولیک جریان،‏ شبیه سازی شود. همچنین با توجه به اینکه داده های ایستگاه آب سنجی اساس مطالعات مرتبط با سیل هستند،‏ تحلیل فراوانی دبی های حداکثر لحظه ای انجام شد؛ زیرا این دبی ها مهم ترین پارامتر در تهیه نقشه های سیل گرفتگی دوره های بازگشت مختلف هستند. نتایج اولیه حاصل از پژوهش،‏ نقشه پهنه های سیل گیر در اطراف رودخانه بن رود در حوزه آبخیز قمصر و سری های زمانی دبی (در قالب فرمت HEC-DSS) است. از طریق این نتایج،‏ در مدل HEC-FIA خسارات کشاورزی،‏ انسانی و ساختمانی ناشی از سیل در حوزه مورد مطالعه محاسبه شد. بر اساس این نتایج،‏ 23 /3 هکتار از اراضی تحت کشت متحمل خسارتی معادل 8 /12 میلیارد ریال شد. در بخش ساختمانی 36 واحد ساختمانی اطراف رودخانه بن رود در معرض خطر سیل قرار گرفت و خسارات متوجه مردم نیز شد.
    کلیدواژگان: قمصر، HEC، FIA، HEC، GEO RAS، HEC، RAS، نقشه های سیل گیری، ارزیابی آثار سیل
  • فریبا صادقی اقدم *، عطاالله ندیری، اصغر اصغری مقدم، فریدون آرمانفر صفحه 85
    مصرف آب های زیرزمینی آلوده به آرسنیک،‏ منجر به بروز بیماری های متعدد و مرگ انسان ها می شود. در صورت آلودگی غیرنقطه ای و متاثر از زمین شناسی آب ها،‏ به سادگی نمی توان مانع گسترش آن شد؛ لذا این نوع آلودگی ها می بایست به دقت بررسی شوند. گزارش های متعدد اخیر در منطقه مطالعاتی سد سهند،‏ حاکی از وجود آنومالی آرسنیک با مقادیر بیش از استاندارد WHO (mg/L 01 /0) است. با توجه به تحقیقات قبلی،‏ مبنی بر مناسب نبودن مدل های خطی زمین آماری برای پیش بینی غلظت آرسنیک کل (III،V) در منطقه،‏ از مدل های هوش مصنوعی همچون برنامه ریزی بیان ژنتیک (GEP) و منطق فازی استفاده شد که با الهام از طبیعت قادر به تخمین پارامترهای پدیده های طبیعی با دقت قابل توجهی نسبت به سایر روش ها هستند. برای تخمین غلظت های آرسنیک کل،‏ از پارامترهای pH،‏ سولفات،‏ نیترات،‏ فلوئورید،‏ آهن و آرسنیک نمونه ها به عنوان ورودی مدل های فازی ممدانی (MFL) ،‏ لارسن (LFL) و سوگنو (SFL) استفاده شد. با توجه به مناسب بودن و تشابه نتایج سه مدل فازی و به منظور استفاده همزمان مزایای هر سه مدل،‏ از برنامه ریزی بیان ژنتیک برای تولید مدل ترکیبی نتایج سه مدل منفرد فازی استفاده شد. با توجه به مزایای برنامه ریزی بیان ژنتیک و نتایج مراحل آموزش و آزمایش مدل که به ترتیب با ضریب تبیین R2 برابر 967 /0 و 924 /0 و مقادیر RMSE برابر 072 /0 و 096 /0 است،‏ مدل مذکور قادر به ارائه مدل ترکیبی با دقت بیشتری از سه مدل منفرد فازی ارائه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی بیان ژنتیک، آرسنیک، هوش مصنوعی، سد سهند، مدل ترکیبی، فازی
  • علی رضازاده جودی *، محمدتقی ستاری صفحه 97
    بارش همواره از مهم ترین اجزاء چرخه آب شناخته شده است و نقش بسیار مهمی در تامین منابع آبی مورد نیاز دارد؛ از این رو پیش آگاهی از میزان بارش در برنامه ریزی مدیریت منابع آب تاثیر بسزایی دارد. در این تحقیق میزان کارایی روش های رگرسیون بردار پشتیبان و رگرسیون فرآیند گاوسی در پیش بینی بارش ماهانه شهر مشهد با استفاده از پارامترهای هواشناسی مختلف بررسی شد و نتایج نشان داد بهترین ترکیب پارامتر ورودی شامل شاخص ماهانه،‏ میانگین رطوبت نسبی،‏ میانگین بیشینه رطوبت نسبی،‏ اختلاف میانگین دمای کمینه و بیشینه و بارش در ماه قبل بود. مدل ها توسط آماره های ضریب همبستگی،‏ ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا و میانگین خطای مطلق ارزیابی شدند. نتایج نشان دهنده کارایی بالای هر دو روش بررسی شده در این زمینه و برتری نسبی روش رگرسیون فرآیند گاوسی با ارائه مقادیر (87 /0= R،‏ 74 /0=N_S،‏ (mm) 37 /12=RMSE و (mm) 85 /7=MAE) بود. با بررسی نمودار سری زمانی مقادیر محاسباتی و مشاهداتی بارش ماهانه مشهد مشاهده شد که روش رگرسیون فرآیند گاوسی توانایی بیشتری در پیش بینی مقادیر بیشینه بارش ماهانه داشته و در اکثر موارد پیش بینی های دقیق تری در مقادیر بارش ماهانه بیشینه ارائه کرده که این مورد در پیش بینی وقوع سیلاب ها بسیار مهم و کاربردی است.
    کلیدواژگان: رگرسیون بردار پشتیبان، مشهد، پیش بینی بارش ماهانه، رگرسیون فرآیند گاوسی
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  • H. Ahmadi *, T. Abtahi, N. Aghazadeh Page 1
    Seepage through earth dam is one of the major problems that threat the stability and the safety of the earth dam. Therefore, this subject is interesting for researchers and engineers meanwhile numerous research and investigation are conducting all over the world. One of the main issues refer to the problem is definition of material properties in right manner and one of the main porous media properties that affect seepage and water flow in dam body is hydraulic conductivity. For homogenies earth dams the effect of hydraulic conductivity in the terms of constant value and the function of matric suction has been explained in literature. In current manuscript, the role of permeability of zoned earth dam has been investigated numerically and the results validated in a zoned earth dam.
    In this research, effect of hydraulic conductivity on the unsteady seepage through zoned earth dams was studied by GeoStudio software and SEEP/W module. Hydraulic conductivity was considered in two different states as a constant value and also as function related to soil suction. In order to investigate and validate the accuracy of the achieved results Derik Dam as a zoned embankment dam was selected as a case study structure. The mentioned dam is located in the western region of Salmas city in the West-Azerbaijan, Iran. In this study data, collocated during 4 years of operation, were used to comprise with numerical results. Furthermore, two statistical parameters as RMSE and NSE (Residual Mean Square Efficiency and Nash- Sutcliffe Efficiency) were employed to quantitative comparison between numerical and observation results. In this research, data collected from 7 different piezometers (include 3 in dam core and 4 in dam foundation) were studied. Therefore, numerical results were compared with observed data from monitoring instruments installed in Derik earth dam embankment. The time depending numerical simulation of seepage for two different conditions: hydraulic conductivity as a function and a constant value equal to saturated permeability started based on the same initial conditions. For the initial condition the water level at the reservoir was assumed at the normal level. Then, the transient analysis for each state (variable and constant hydraulic conductivity value) conducted by employing real four years fluctuation of water level in reservoir, as upper boundary condition. The time steps involved in transient analysis has about 30 day’s intervals. However for some cases the comparison among simulated and observed data conducted around 90 day’s intervals as seasonally.
    Results of this study revealed that pore water pressure and phreatic line through the embankment would be determined correctly while variable hydraulic conductivity was considered in seepage analysis, the error values were reduced up to 10%. Comparison between results of two conditions of applying hydraulic conductivity -as a constant value instead of a function- showed that the pore pressure was estimated higher, in some case higher than 200 times, while permeability to be considered as function of suction whereas lower seepage flow rate was calculated. Evaluation of seepage flow through embankment and foundation of a dam confirmed advantages of using hydraulic conductivity function instead of a constant value. Investigation about statistical parameters of NSE and RMSE confirmed that the model could not estimate the pore pressure in the core very well but the accuracy of model was better while the hydraulic conductivity was defined as function instead of constant saturated value. The model could estimate correctly the pore pressure in foundation with fairy high accuracy in the both state of employing permeability as matric suction and/or constant. Of course, the results showed upper estimating of pore pressure in down side of the cut-off wall. This perhaps is because of well water proofing of cut-off wall in breaking and reducing of pore water pressure, even better than expected values. However, by the results, for saturated regions or for the confined media employing of constant value for hydraulic conductivity would have the same results while hydraulic conductivity is used as a function. Of course, the experience of model running revealed that the convergence in case of constant permeability was better and the time of modeling was shorter. Therefore, in order to fast performance of the numerical model, considering hydraulic conductivity as constant value for fully saturated zones of dam is highly recommended.
    Keywords: Hydraulic conductivity, SEEP, W, Pore water pressure, Seepage
  • A. Pasyar *, A. Ansari Page 13
    Determination of hydrodynamic coefficients of groundwater aquifers including hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity has great importance in hydrogeological studies because of extensive application in analysis, especially in groundwater modelling. These parameters are usually estimated from pumping test, carried out on drilled boreholes. To estimate aquifer's hydraulic parameters, pumping tests have been used widely as they provide a high degree of reliability. However, various assumptions (including: aquifer homogeneity, isotropy, thickness, well storage, continuity, and nature of the fluid flow) are required for the application of the method's formulas to be valid under field conditions. In addition, these methods are costly, time-consuming and require a large data set to estimate aquifer's hydraulic parameters. Collecting of soil sample, drilling, determining of hydrogeological parameters and well geophysical logging are common methods for monitoring and characterizing of subsurface structures on small scales. In large scale or complex aquifers, using this data for investigation of groundwater hydrodynamic parameters is not reasonable. Therefore, combination of geophysics results with hydrogeological downhole values (for example pumping test) that has been named “hydrogeophysics” has great help for high-resolution subsurface monitoring. Geophysical exploration methods, such as geoelectrics, have attracted interest of hydrogeologists for exploring and delimiting aquifers with success, for several decades. Basic equations for geoelectrical exploration are developed assuming: the medium is porous; the matrix is generally an insulator and electrical currents flows through the water presents in the pore spaces. Aquifer's electrical resistivity is mainly influenced by porosity and fluid resistivity in the pores. The geoelectrical data recorded on the surface contain useful information about the aquifer which can be interpreted by experienced geophysicists for hydrogeological studies. The advantage of using such Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique is no need for ground perforation; also, the dense VES soundings help with making high-resolution maps and faster gaining information regarding the hydraulic conductivity distribution. So far, numerous studies have been carried out on determining the hydrodynamic coefficients from resistivity geophysical data and empirical relationships. This method consumes lesser time and expenses in comparison to pumping test methods and provides more points for estimation of aquifer's hydrodynamic coefficients.
    In this research, the mentioned method was introduced and used on aquifer resistivity data for west part of Pyran-shahr Plain, located in West Azarbayjan province, Iran. The hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of aquifer have been estimated using this approach. At first, the electrical resistivity of the aquifer was measured in 15 sites. The VES measurements were performed with a maximum half current electrode separation of 500 m (the Schlumberger electrodes array was used) and the potential electrode spacing (MN) ranged from 2 m to 80 m. The computer interpretation software “IX1D” was used for data inversion. To reduce the ambiguity problems, geologic constrains and some borehole lithologic data were used to constrain data of the vertical electrical sounding. A good correlation was observed between the electrical resistivity derived 1D models and the borehole lithologs. Using interpreted geophysical parameters (electrical resistivity and thickness of the aquifer) and Archie equation, porosity values have been determined in each vertical electrical sounding. Then, values of intrinsic permeability and hydraulic conductivity have been calculated using soil grain size and Kozeny and Hubert relationships, respectively. Finally, by calculating of longitudinal conductance and experimental relationships, values of hydraulic transmissivity were determined and also over the past years, pumping tests have been performed in the west part of Pyran-shahr aquifer. Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity results of the pumping tests were shown using Theis–Jacob method and were compared with results of hydrogeophysics method.
    In this study, using resistivity data, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values of aquifer were estimated 23 (m/day) and 3200 (m2/day) while by pumping test data analysis 37.8 (m/day) and 2980 (m2/day) were obtained, respectively. The acceptable agreement of the values obtained by two methods indicates that the electrical resistivity methods can be useful in assessing the hydrodynamic coefficients of aquifers and suitable for estimation of hydraulic parameters; because they are relatively quick and inexpensive, compared to pumping and additionally the geophysical survey can be scaled by careful design. Necessity of accurate knowledge from aquifer grain size, cementation and tortuosity factors of sediments, and also heterogeneity of the aquifer can be mentioned as the shortcomings of the method. Finally, to upgrade the thematic maps after performing VES measurements in areas, lacking pumping test data, the relationships of resistivity with hydraulic parameters can be used.
    Keywords: Aquifer, Pumping test, Electrical resistivity, Pyran, shahr plain, Hydraulic conductivity, Transmissivity
  • F. Shoushtarian, S. Mr. Alavi Moghaddam *, E. Kosari Page 23
    Dyes are among important types of water pollutants because of their large scale production, usage and toxic/mutagenic nature. There are lots of methods that can be used for dye removal from dye-containing wastewater. Among them, adsorption process is the most preferable due to its convenience, ease of operation and design simplicity. In recent years, researchers claimed that carbon nanotubes are among new nano adsorbents, which their superior hydrophobicity, high specific surface area, and hollow and layered structures make them particularly promising adsorbents. The main aim of this study is to investigate the adsorption behavior of Basic Red 46 (BR46) in aqueous solutions using functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, having covalent attachments of carboxylic groups (MWCNT-COOH). The adsorbent and dye were purchased from Neutrino Corporation and AlvanSabet Company, respectively. Adsorption experiments were performed by adding 100 ml of the dye solution to 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Then, the flasks were put into an ultrasonic bath device for 3 min in order to disperse the MWCNT-COOH. After that, solution and adsorbent were agitated by a standard shaker at 150 rpm agitation speed. All samples were centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 min prior to analysis, using a centrifuge. The dye concentrations were measured using a HACH spectrophotometer at 530 nm corresponding to the maximum absorbance for BR46.
    There are many of parameters that affect the dye adsorption process including: contact time, initial pH, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, temperature, solution volume, agitation speed, etc. In this paper, the effect of 4 main parameters including contact time, initial pH, adsorbent dose and initial dye concentration on BR46 adsorption by MWCNT-COOH were evaluated, using classical experiments. In order to investigate the effect of contact time on dye adsorption, the three other parameters were fixed and the contact time was changed between 10 to 180 minutes. The corresponding data showed that the optimum contact time for BR46 adsorption by MWCNT-COOH was 80 minutes. Then, the experiments accomplished by fixed contact time (80 minutes), adsorbent dose and dye concentration and altering the solution pH from 3 to 10. The data showed that the optimum solution pH was 9 for BR46 adsorption by MWCNT-COOH. After that, contact time and pH were adjusted to their optimum values, dye concentration also was fixed and the adsorbent dose was altered from 0.05 g/l to 0.35 g/l, in order to evaluate the effect of adsorbent dose on the adsorption process. The data indicated that the optimum MWCNT-COOH dose for BR46 adsorption was 0.05 g/l. Finally, the contact time, solution pH and adsorbent dose were fixed to their optimum values and the initial dye concentration was varied from 50 mg/l to 200 mg/l. The obtained data showed that the optimum initial dye concentration for the BR46 dye removal by MWCNT-COOH was 150 mg/l. In order to obtain an interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate, adsorption isotherm studies were conducted with different adsorbent doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.35 g/L at pH = 9 and initial dye concentration = 150 mg/L. Three isotherms including Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin were tested. In order to investigate the mechanism of sorption, the kinetics parameters for the adsorption process were also determined for contact times ranging from 10 to 80 minutes by monitoring the weight of dye adsorbed per weight of adsorbent. Eighty minutes were used for the adsorption kinetic study in order to have more accurate data. Kinetics models used in this study included the pseudo-first order, the pseudo-second order and the Elovich model.
    The results indicated that the maximum dye removal efficiency occurs at a contact time of 80 minutes, an initial pH of 9, 0.05 g/l of the adsorbent and an initial dye concentration of 150 mg/l. The maximum adsorption capacity of the BR46 by MWCNT-COOH was obtained about 265 mg/g along with acceptable removal efficiency of 95%. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed using various adsorption isotherms, and the results showed that the adsorption behavior of the BR46 could be almost accurately described by Freundlich isotherm (R2= 0.9533). The Freundlich isotherm describes that the uptake of dye molecules occurs on a heterogeneous surface by monolayer adsorption. In addition, kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of the BR46 by MWCNT-COOH follows the pseudo-second order model with R2= 0.926.
    Keywords: Isotherm, Kinetics, Industrial dye, Carbon, based adsorbents, Nano adsorbents
  • Mh. Rahimi *, N. Kalantari, A. Zarasvandi, R. Mohammadi Page 33
    The Sharifabad alluvial aquifer is located in the northeast of Qom City. As a result of surface water scarcity this unconfined aquifer supplies water requirement for agricultural purposes. Since the past decades, the Sharifabad aquifer has been subjected to contamination due to pollutant of the adjacent metropolitan Qom City and agricultural activities. The most important contaminants in the study area include effluent of the Qom wastewater treatment plants, agricultural and horticultural drainage water, leakage water from sanitary landfills and so on. Though, relative impact of these contaminants on groundwater quality is noticed but the further effects would be observed in future. At present, water quality suffers from geogenic contamination which results in increasing salinity.
    Individual polluted groundwater sites generally are not large, but once polluted, groundwater may remain in an unusable or even hazardous condition for decades or even centuries. Low velocity of groundwater prevents a great deal of mixing and dilution; consequently, a contaminant plume may maintain with high concentration as it slowly moves from points of recharge to zones of discharge. One of the features of groundwater contamination that makes it so serious is its long-lasting. Wastes buried long time ago may cause groundwater contamination that takes decades to be discovered.
    In order to assess the contamination of the Sharifabad aquifer, an extensive sampling with an appropriate distribution of station was carried out in May 2014 and water samples were collected from 50 deep wells in the area. The samples were analyzed to find out concentration of the following parameters including; TSS, pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD5, COD, total alkalinity, CO3, HCO3, total hardness, Ca, Mg, SO4, Cl, Na, K, NH4, NO2, NO3, PO4, Br, I, Ba, and Sr. Apart to aforementioned parameters, the total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, Fe, Hg, Pb, Co, Cd, Ni, As, Zn, B, and Sn were measured for 14 wells. It is to noted that color, temperature and turbidity were also determined.
    The quality is sometimes relative and cannot be expressed numerically; however, qualitative indexes and standards can relatively solve the problem. In this study, Iranian National Standard, Potable water Standard- Physical and Chemical Characteristics, No. 1053, 5th edition and water quality manual of World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) were used to evaluate the contamination of the Sharifabad aquifer.
    Due to dominantly saline nature of groundwater in the Sharifabad plain, the main ions concentration, total dissolved solids and the indices exceed the maximum allowable limit of the defined instructions. All the wells depicted pH values in favorable range and turbidity was observed only in one well. The concentration of BOD and COD were low and DO value of groundwater samples were in normal range. Sometimes, the nitrate concentration of groundwater was considerable but usually it ranged between 0.1 to 1 mg/l. The nitrate concentration in deep wells of the study area varied between 5 to 38 mg/l, while based on Iran potable water standard, maximum permissible amount is 50 mg/l. In all wells, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate concentration were less than the maximum suggested amount. Concentrations of the non-toxic metals of iron and zinc and toxic element of arsenic, mercury, barium and nickel in all wells were less than the maximum permissible limit. The concentration of the two toxic metals of cadmium and lead were below detection limit of the laboratory and therefore, it is needed to be measured by advanced equipments. In some samples concentration of boron was more than maximum level. Results for the maximum probable number (MPN) of total coliforms and fecal coliforms indicated that four and two wells have been contaminated, respectively. Contamination by fecal streptococci was only observed in one sample and based on FC/FS ratio the contamination source of the well is likely to be manure.
    The Sharifabad aquifer is mostly suffers from salinity which is a geogenic contaminant, although, heavy exploitation and saline water aggression can be considered as anthropogenic pollutant. Though, since recent decades, the Sharifabad aquifer has been subjected to pollutants, but the anthropogenic contamination is commonly still lower than the maximum permissible limit, defined by standards, despite, nitrate concentration is relatively high in a few wells. The thick soil above water table depth (more or less 42 m) is probably a reason to absorb the pollutants.
    In areas such as Sharifabad where transmisivity coefficient of the aquifer is not high and groundwater movement is low results in decrease of mixing and dilution processes of pollutants. Therefore, to prevent further aquifer contamination, measures such as reduction volume of contaminants injection into the aquifer has to be considered. The present effluent input into aquifer is about 24 MCM/ year and estimated to rise up to 44 MCM/ year by 2025. It is evident that when effluent input increase the aquifer has to tolerate this load so its condition would be critical. Thus, the only remain alternative to save the aquifer is to treat the effluent before usage.
    Keywords: Salinity, Sharifabad aquifer, Water quality, Aquifer monitoring water pollution
  • A. Faryabi *, B. Ghorbani, E. Maroufpour, B. Bahrami Page 45
    Water scarcity is a serious problem for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid. Furthermore, development of new water resources in these areas is too expensive. Now, treated wastewater (TWW) is commonly used as an alternative source for irrigating to alleviate freshwater use. One of the most nutrient-rich wastewaters for plants is aquaculture effluent which contains appropriate nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The aquaculture effluent which is often drained to rivers causes both an environmental challenge and an agricultural opportunity. The integration of aquaculture with agricultural systems has been identified as a way to increase food production, protect the environment and enhance food security. On the other hand, emitter clogging is the main problem with use of wastewaters in drip irrigation systems which reduces the emitter discharge, emission uniformity, irrigation efficiency and increases maintenance costs. Time and location of partial clogging of emitters, under wastewater using conditions, is an important issue. Thus, in the present study, the mentioned problem was investigated particularly about aquaculture effluents.
    For this purpose, three separate drip irrigation systems were established. Netafim and Micro-flopper emitters were used in each treatment, with both 4 and 8 l/h discharges. During a season, 42 irrigation events were done using fresh water (as a control), and aquaculture effluent (with and without ending drainage of pipes). Emitter discharges was measured for each emitter type by volumetric method, through all irrigation events for the all study treatments. Then, clogging percentages were calculated. To perform statistical analysis of data, all the laterals were divided into three hypothetical of elementary, middle and ending one-third parts. Each of these parts included four loops of lateral pipe. The emitter location (on the lateral pipe) factor, along with others (time, type of water, emitter type and emitter discharge) considered in the analysis. Emitter's clogging percentage data were analyzed in the form of combined analysis, based on randomized complete block design with the mentioned factors. MSTAT-C and SAS software was used for statistical analyses.
    The results of present study showed that the clogging of Micro flopper 4 l/h emitters has increased sharply over the time in both effluent treatments (with and without ending drainage of pipes), and it has even passed the critical point at the fourth time interval in this study. Therefore, use of these emitters is unsuitable for irrigation with aquaculture effluent. Also, , clogging in Micro flopper 8 l/h emitters has increased passing time in all treatments, and it has even passed the critical point at the fourth time interval; But, in the third and fourth time periods, the role of ending drainage of pipes was obvious and positive. Therefore, using these emitters for irrigation with aquaculture effluent will be more appropriate compared with Micro flopper 4 l/h emitters, if the proper management is applied, such as ending drainage or full washing of lateral pipes. Clogging percentages of Netafim 4 l/h emitters have not any significant differences between three treatments in all of the time intervals. It means that these emitters had the least dependent on water quality and irrigation management compared to the other experienced emitters in this study. Also, the clogging percentages for these emitters never reached the critical levels during the irrigation season, both in the case of fresh water and wastewater usage. Therefore, use of these emitters is very suitable for irrigation with aquaculture effluent. The results showed that for all studied emitters, using aquaculture effluent caused emitter clogging mostly in the ending one-third of lateral pipes. This problem was more acute in the emitters with 8 liters per hour discharges. Therefore, using these emitters with application of aquaculture effluent, ending drainage of lateral pipes or full washing of them is more necessary.
    The results of present study showed that the effect of elapsing time on the emitter clogging was in acceptable range in Netafim emitters but not in Micro flopper emitters, when aquaculture effluent was used in drip irrigation. And in both effluent treatments (with and without ending drainage of pipes), Netafim emitter's performance was significantly (P
    Keywords: Oncorhynchusmykiss, unconventional water, Netafim emitter, Micro flopper emitter, Aquaculture
  • P.Hamezade, H. Torabi *, H. Younesi Page 55
    The increasing growth of population and limited surface water resources, necessitate the proper management of the reservoirs of dams. Decision-making process in reservoir operation is influenced by many goals which many of them are not generally proportional to each other. Since the inflows to the reservoir and the storage volumes have uncertainties, the main challenge is to determine the best release of the reservoir and hydro system optimization.
    Due to the presence of a variety of complexities and difficulties in solving optimization problems, extensive efforts have been made in order to use different algorithms in this field., Evolutionary and meta-heuristic algorithms are among these approximate methods. Rani and Moreira categorized different types of optimization models for reservoir operation, which are based on: 1. linear programming; 2. Non-linear programming; 3. dynamic programming; and 4. Collective intelligence algorithms. Collective intelligence algorithms have been regarded in recent years. Many of these algorithms have been inspired by the natural behaviors of organisms. Algorithms that have been presented, so far, solve the problem randomly, and in each time of running the program, they follow different paths to reach the solution. For years, researchers have dealt with solving the problems of reservoir operation using different algorithms. Wardlaw and Sharif applied the genetic algorithm as an alternative to dynamic programming in solving multi-reservoir problems. Kai et al. dealt with solving nonlinear problems in water resources, using genetic algorithms. Jalili and Afshar solved a single reservoir problem using ant colony optimization, and achieved better results in comparison with that of the genetic algorithm. Bozorg Haddad et al, and also Afshar et al applied honey-bee mating optimization for reservoir operation. But all these algorithms are stochastic, and will achieve the desired result after running the program, a few times.
    Central force optimization (CFO) is an evolutionary and meta-heuristic algorithm, which was presented by Formatto for the first time in 2007. This algorithm is completely deterministic, unlike the previous algorithms. CFO performs its search through the flying of a group of probes whose paths are calculated using the two algebraic equations of motion (position and acceleration) in a series of discrete time steps (iterations). The CFO algorithm performs maximization, and to use this method in minimizing problems, the main function can be multiplied by minus one, thus the maximum of this function is the minimum of the main function. In fact, each probe is a feasible solution which has Nd coordinates in a Nd-dimensional problem. No reports have been given on the application of CFO in reservoir operation problems, yet. In the present study, in order to assess the central force optimization in water resources, the single-reservoir system of Dez Dam, in Khuzestan province located in southern Iran, is considered. This dam is supposed to meet the downstream agricultural demand. The aim of introducing this problem is to determine the most optimal monthly releases for 5 years of operation. Given that the intended problem is due to the non-linear programming, it can be solved using the Lingo software program. Lingo model has the ability to solve nonlinear models, and provides the global optimum in some cases such as the intended problem where the objective function is convex. Therefore, the solutions obtained from the CFO model were compared with that of obtained from the Lingo software program.
    In the present study, by implementing the program several times, the optimal values of the constants were obtained. Frep and β were considered to be 0.5 and 2, respectively. During the implementation of the program, some of the obtained accelerations were very small, and the program was in trouble to find the optimum. This problem was solved by choosing a greater G, and the speed of convergence increased. On the other hand, choosing a greater G, α was affected too, and a smaller α presented the better results. α= 0.3 provides the best result; hence the values G= 500 and α= 0.3 were selected. The value of the objective function was calculated 0.7303, using Lingo software program; while it was equal to 0.73604 by using CFO algorithm. The values for the monthly release and reservoir storage obtained from both algorithms had very little difference, and the difference between the objective function and global optimum was 0.0057. Therefore, it can be concluded that, central force optimization (CFO) has high potential to be used in solving the complicated problems of multi-reservoir operation too.
    Keywords: Meta, heuristic, Hydro system optimization, Central Force Optimization algorithm, Single reservoir
  • F. Ghaderi Nasab *, Kourosh Ghaderi, Mb. Rahnama Page 63
    Canal systems of distributing water have different design capacities, command areas and the lengths requiring different duration of operation. Irrigation scheduling becomes a complex process under these conditions, especially for rotational water distribution. Planning for optimal operation in irrigation network is an efficient solution in water saving, increasing in cultivation and improving agriculture performance. Delivery and distribution in irrigation network are multi-objective and have multi variation optimization and multi limitation problems. By the optimal delivery schedule, minimum canal capacity and minimum delivery time is derived. Minimization of canal capacity reduces the construction costs and minimization of delivery time, limits water losses due to seepage, evaporation and water stealing. Solving such problem needs powerful optimization methods. Evolutionary algorithms are the major group of search algorithms for finding a suitable answer, using current evolutionary rules in nature. In this research ICA and PSO algorithms are applied. To achieve the research goals, the considered algorithms are applied in MATLAB 2014 software. The results of this research are also compared with GA method in study of Monem et al, (2007) and Ants Colony System Algorithm in study of Emadi and Kakouie (2012).
    Imperialism is the policy of extending the power and rule of a government beyond its own boundaries. ICA is a novel global search strategy that uses imperialism and imperialistic competition process as a source of inspiration. This algorithm is based on that in real world countries try to extend their power over other countries to use their resources and bolster their own government. In fact, imperialist countries attempt to dominate other countries and turning them to their colonies. Also, imperialists compete strongly with each other for taking possession of other countries. During this competition stronger empires get more power and the weakest one ultimately collapses. This general policy of imperialist competition is used as the basis of the ICA. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population-based stochastic approach for solving continuous and discrete optimization problems. In this research, the delivery and distribution program in distribution channel branches with ICA and PSO algorithm were provided so that the various objects(such as decreasing in distributor channel capacity and decreasing in time) needed for complete the irrigation program optimize, as a single and two objectives. In this program, defined inputs to the model were: first branch numbers, the upper and lower limit of delivery discharge to each branch and the branch coverage, gross irrigation requirement, irrigation interval and block numbers. By running the model, the best intermittent of branches in per block, minimum of distributer channel capacity and minimum irrigation duration in the optimum conditions define to the model, as outputs. In order to comparison ICA and PSO result with ACS and GA, the model is applied on BP14 canal in Fomanat Irrigation Network in west Gilan Province, Iran. This canal has a length of 6852 meters with a trapezoidal cross section and capacity of 2.5 m3/s and land cover area of 2100 ha. Irrigation water requirement is 50 mm.
    The optimal delivery schedule canal for single objective (canal capacity minimization) is derived as Follow: canal capacity: 595 lit/s, time delivery: 343hr and the number of upstream gate regulations: 12 in PSO algorithm; and canal capacity: 546 lit/s, time delivery: 357hr and the number of upstream gate regulations: 11 in ICA. The optimal delivery schedule canal for two objective including minimization canal capacity and delivery time is derived as follow: canal capacity: 645lit/s, time delivery: 300hr and the number of upstream gate regulations: 12 in PSO algorithm; and canal capacity: 630lit/s, time delivery: 292hr and the number of upstream gate regulations: 12 in ICA.
    ICA had the better Optimal Water Scheduling comparing with GA, ACS and PSO. Comparison of results obtained from ICA with other method's result showed that ICA in both single and two objective state determined less canal capacity. Also, in ICA the number of upstream gate regulations was one less than other approaches. It was found that PSO and ACS had the best performance in the next level. So, ACS determined less canal capacity and PSO determined more irrigation schedule complement duration. Therefore, ICA algorithm is a powerful method that able to escape from the local peaks and reach to global optima. ICA algorithms more likely reach Global optimum positions than PSO and GA. This algorithm, due to wide space search, could create a better collocation for branches of canal in irrigation network which leads to the better optimization.
    Keywords: BP14 canal in Fomenat Irrigation network, PSO Algorithm, ICA, Water delivery Schedule, Optimization
  • F. Mokhtari *, S. Soltani, S.A. Mousavi Page 73
    Importance of predicting flood contingency to reduce damages in urban areas, farms and etc. around the river, studding hydraulic and hydrologic behavior of river such as flood forecasting is critical. The simulation of the hydraulic behavior of the river is important to predict the damage caused by floods in different situations, river engineering projects, economic and social studies, control plans and flood inhibition and other related studies to the river system. Floods threat people's lives and properties all over the world. Development of cities and villages in riversides and floodplains without any considerations about hydrologic and dynamic conditions of rivers and upstream areas increases flood risk and respective infrastructural, financial and life losses. Flood is the second natural disaster that will damage to human societies all over the world. The cities and residential areas have the highest risk and are susceptible to physical damages of flood events. Anticipating and the flood control can be taken a big step in the management of water resources. For planning and decreasing the damages of this natural phenomenon, identification of the regions with flood risk, awareness about flood probability with different return periods and flood damage assessment that includes human and financial damage can help for effective management flooded areas. HEC-FIA model, as one of the most recent models (2012) for flood damages and effects assessment, was used in this study to evaluate the human, structural and agricultural damages of flood in Ghamsar watershed. For achieving this goal and increasing the accuracy in identification of hazardous areas, steady and unsteady flow was simulated in different return periods using HEC-GEO RAS and HEC-RAS software. For preparation of inundation maps, the river channel and its morphology must be simulated to extract 3-dimencial cross-section and flow hydraulic parameters. The purpose of this research is to integrate HEC-RAS hydraulic model with ArcGIS software through HEC-GEO RAS extension in order to simulate the hydraulic parameters of the mainstream of Ghamsar watershed basin and estimate steady and unsteady flows. The data required for HEC-RAS such as cross sections was prepared using DEM, which is provided in HEC-Geo RAS software. These data with the data of discharge in different return periods and also real flood hydrograph were transferred to HEC-RAS software for simulating steady and unsteady flows. The discharge in different return periods was calculated by flood frequency analysis on maximum instantaneous discharges. HEC-DSS file and flooding height are the outputs of HEC-RAS software. Flooding height data was transferred to HEC-GEO RAS for preparing inundation height map. The results of unsteady flow simulation are discharge time series in HEC-DSS format files, with economic, agricultural, structural and population data which was obtained from questionnaire-based methods, were entered to HEC-FIA software for agricultural and structural damage assessment. In this study Ghamsar watershed was selected that is one of sub watershed of Daryache Namak sub-basins and has experienced flood damages during recent years (for example 2007). Due to the fact that hydrometric data is based on flood studies, flood frequency analysis done for moment maximum discharge because that is the most important parameter in preparation of flood map with different return periods. The preliminary results of this research are flood inundation maps around Bonrood River and discharge time series (HEC-DSS format files). Applying these results in HEC-RAS model, the agricultural, structural and human damages of flood were calculated. These maps showed that inundation measures were increased by increasing return periods. Considering the results, these models could be applied to provide logical measures in order to study flow's hydraulic properties. The results showed that the model can be used to study the hydraulic properties of flow provide acceptable value. Based on the results, 3.23 ha of the area is damaged (12.8 billion Rials). In the structural part, 36 structures around Bonrood River were at risk of flooding and also people are damaged. HEC-FIA can be a tool for flood risk management used by managers and relevant stakeholders to plan for dealing with potential floods. HEC-FIA estimates damages caused by dam failure that the relevant organizations can use this function to assess the risk of damaging. The crisis management team can use the warning systems defined in the HEC-FIA model. According to the results of estimating human damages, it is better to use a warning system other than a siren (for example, an automatic telephone call) in areas where buildings are dispersed.
    Keywords: HEC, FIA, HEC, GEO RAS, Inundation maps, Ghamsar, HEC, RAS, Flood impacts assessment
  • F. Sadeghi Aghdam *, A. Nadiri, A. Asghari Moghaddam, F. Armanfar Page 85
    Identifying and monitoring of the water resources quality in basin have very special importance for quality management of a dam reservoir. Today, most natural waters arepolluted, so monitoring the distribution of pollutants in surface can control and reduce water pollution and its effects. Having such information is possible only through different analysis and pollution monitoring stations distributed across the study area. Arsenic is considered as one of the most important pollutants due to its high toxicity. Natural water pollution caused by geological resource cannot be eliminated or prevented to be spread simply; therefore, it should be evaluated carefully. Various reports in recent years indicated the presence of arsenic, anomaly with concentration more than the international standard (0.01 mg/L), in the water resources of the Sahand Dam basin which provides agriculture, industry and drinking water demands of the area. Hence, Geology Department of Tabriz University and East Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority have attempted to sampling and chemical analysis of surface water and ground water resources. Groundwater models may use for optimization by one parameter or combination of optimizations, simulation of pollutions and their management. Previous research showed a lack of adequate geostatistical linear models for predicting the total arsenic (III,V) concentration in the study area, so artificial intelligence models such as gene expression programming (GEP) and fuzzy logic (FL) models were used, inspired by nature with ability to estimate the parameters of the natural phenomena with significant accuracy compared to other methods. The number of 60 and 20 data of the hydrochemical parameters that have the highest correlation with arsenic, was used, respectively, in the training and testing level. These parameters Including pH, 〖"SO" 〗_"4" ^"2-" , 〖"NO" 〗_"3" ^"_" , F, Fe and As used as input parameters for Mamdani fuzzy logic (MFL), Larsen fuzzy logic (LSL) and Sugeno fuzzy logic (SFL) to estimate the total arsenic concentration. Fuzzy system has three main level, including: 1) fuzzification of data by defining the membership function; 2) communication of input and output by such as if-then rules; and 3) aggregation of system results and defuzzification by the fuzzy operator such as or/ and/ not. Each of the fuzzy models has its own advantages and uncertainty that can be used of the individual benefits. As the results of three fuzzy models are similar, the genetic expression programming model has been used to produce committee fuzzy logic model (CFLM). This theory is based on that the combination of models results achieves a better overall result. Up to now, several studies have taken using different methods of artificial intelligence that have demonstrated excellence in GEP methods. GEP with genetic algorithms is Like the GA and GP that uses individuals of the population and select them based on fitting and using with one or more genetic operator applied genetic changes on them. The search process is done with random, generated a series of trees that is leading to the production of expression tree. This process continues to the maximum number of replications or specific error function.
    Fuzzy model by determining the optimal radius of 0.4, based on the lowest RMSE, were accomplished. The data were divided into 8 categories, and 7 if-then rules were determined. The fuzzy membership functions used for modeling of the arsenic values were Gaussian that was fitted to classified data. The output membership function of Sugeno model was linear, made based on the inputs. FCM clustering method was used in Mamdani and Larsen model. In this model, optimal number of 12 categories were determined based on minimum RMSE equal to 0.11 and 0.12 mg/L, respectively with input and output membership function of Gaussian type. The values of R2 for training level of Mamdani and Larsen model were in order 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. All three fuzzy models had acceptable results, but Mamdani model results were relatively better than the two others. Because of each these models own its performance, for simultaneous use of advantage of all, the committee model was used. All output data of three fuzzy models was used as input data in GEP model and also was selected in such a way that the minimum and maximum of the data be entered on the testing level. Production of the initial population of the program was done by selecting the number 20 chromosome with the head size of 7, 3 number of genes, and 2 constant per gene. The mathematical operator of was selected for the linking function between subtrees. To compare the results in the program, three sets of the function were used as the main operators. F3 function, includes default operators, was selected as the major functions in the program and the best fitted compared to other functions. GEP model by providing the relationship between input and output, and more accurate results in the training and testing levels with R2, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively, was evaluated as the most appropriate model to estimate the arsenic values in the region.
    In this study, GEP with practical features and gene expression tree production provided the possibility of evaluating complicated and non-linear models. Also, the genetic programming model provided explicit solutions with high accuracy basis on which can be determined the relationship between input and output variables. With regard to the suitability and similarity of three fuzzy model results, the genetic expression programming was used for the production committee model of results of three single models. Considering the benefits of genetic expression programming, the mentioned model is able to present a committee model with more accuracy than three single fuzzy models. Due to lack of proper accountability of spatial statistical models to estimate the arsenic in the study area, the proposed model can be appropriate in the exact determination.
    Keywords: Sahand Dam, Genetic programming, Artificial intelligence, Arsenic, Committee model, Fuzzy
  • A. Reza Zade Joudi *, Mt. Satari Page 97
    The detailed and correct information on precipitation in different areas has an important role in the hydrological and climate studies of a region, such as the estimation of floodwaters, drought, runoff, sediment, river basin management, agriculture, irrigation scheduling and etc. Precipitation is a highly non-linear phenomenon, which changes temporally and spatially. Many factors influence precipitation variation. Generally, these factors can be divided into two climatic and geographical groups. Given technological developments, although it is not impossible to predict precipitation in the range of time and space, there are many complications. Despite many conceptual and statistical models that have been proposed to predict and forecast climatic variables, nowadays tools such as the artificial neural networks, decision trees and kernel-based methods are used to model hydrological processes and water engineering. In the current study, the efficiencies of support vector regression (SVR) and the Gaussian process regression (GPR) were investigated on prediction the amount of monthly precipitation in Mashhad. The sensitivity of precipitation to other meteorological parameters was also analyzed.
    In this study, we use different kinds of meteorological parameters on monthly data scale in the Mashhad region, located in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Different combinations of these meteorology parameters have been entered to support vector regression and Gaussian process regression as our chosen data mining methods. Support vector machines fall into two groups, including support vector regression and support vector classification. Based on the statistical learning theory, the support vector machine (SVM), introduced by Vapnik in 1995, is one of the supervised learning methods. Sometimes in this method, complicated and non-linear structures are required to separate data. The Gaussian process regression is a useful method employed to define prior distributions for the flexible models of regression and classification, in which regression or class probability functions are not limited to the simple parametric forms. The concept of Gaussian processes is based on the normal distribution, which was named after Carl Friedrich Gauss the Gaussian distribution. . It can be said that the Gaussian process is actually an infinite dimensional generalization for multivariate infinite distributions. The Gaussian processes are very important and prevalent in statistical modelling because they bear normal characteristics (Neal, 1997). Designing methods for support vector regression and Gaussian process regression also includes using the concept of the kernel function. In fact, with a non-linear transform from the input space to a characteristic space having more dimensions, even infinite, the problems can be made linearly separable. The most important kernel functions are linear, polynomial, normalized polynomial, radial basis function and Pearson function. In this study, kernel functions were used.
    After investigating different kernel functions, it was observed that optimal results were obtained when the Pearson kernel function was employed in both support vector regression and Gaussian process regression. The research results indicated a higher accuracy and fewer errors when the parameters like monthly index, the mean of monthly relative humidity, the mean of maximum monthly relative humidity, difference between the means of minimum and maximum monthly temperatures and previous-month precipitation were used. This shows the greater impact of these parameters on precipitation. The results also indicated the higher efficiencies of modern data mining methods like support vector regression and the Gaussian process regression in predicting monthly precipitation. The Gaussian process regression provided the correlation coefficient, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, root-mean-square error, and the mean of absolute error with 0.870, 0.736, 12.37 (mm) and 7.85 (mm). It is introduced as the best method for predicting monthly precipitation in similar cases. The results also indicated that the Gaussian process regression was more powerful in predicting maximum monthly precipitation. It also led to more accurate predictions in cases that monthly precipitations were maximized, a fact which is very important and applicable in the prediction of floodwaters. Analyzing the sensitivities of models to input variables indicated that monthly precipitation was mostly influenced by previous-month precipitation, monthly index and the minimum monthly temperature. Both support vector regression and Gaussian process regression method had good performance in predicting monthly rainfall. The results showed that both methods had almost equal performance but that, in this case, Gaussian process regression provided more accurate predictions, especially in maximum precipitations. Therefore, this method could be considered an efficient and practical application for rainfall measurement.
    Keywords: Gaussian process regression, Monthly rainfall forecasting, Mashhad, Support vector regression