فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 37، زمستان 1396)

Asteraceae (Cmposite) is the largest family of flowering plants¡that it contains 24000 species. Cornflower (Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss.) belongs to Asteraceae family. Many Studies indicated effect the environmental factors stress such as: heavy elements, harmful radiation, acid rain, salt... on the plants. But overall the stress of noise in plants has rarely studied. Audible sound wave technology has recently been applied to plants at various physiological growth stages e.g. seed germination, callus growth, endogenous hormones and mechanism of photosynthesis and transcription of certain genes. Identification of some genes induced by sound demonstrated the influence of noise on plant through change in genes expression. The purpose of this research can be fitted reviews of anatomical structure changes of Cornflower stem caused by railway noise pollution. Free hand sections were taken and stained in carmine and methyl blue. Thin cut sections were observed under the research microscope (Olympus) fitted with digital camera and attached with computer. The studies Plant tissues cross-sectional anatomy was studied through taking micro-photographs. Our results indicated that remarkable changes has been seen in the anatomic structure of stem treatment plant in comparison with control plants such as increasing the chromaticity of cambium layers, increase of the thickness of the sclerenchyma bundle sheath in the area of xylem tissues and increase the collenchymas layer of hypodermis.

Aim: the effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) as an efficient antioxidant on ovarian follicles following treatment with Silver Nanoparticles (SNP) in adult mice.
Material and Twenty-four adult NMRI mice, weighing 27-30g were used in the present experiment. The animals were kept under optimum conditions of temperature (At 21± 2 ° C and ambient lighting conditions 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours of light) humidity and maintained on standard pellet diet with adequate water. They were divided into four groups of (six mice per group): control; Silver Nanoparticles (300 mg/kg/day, orally), Nigella sativa oil (5 ml/kg/day, orally) and finally Silver Nanoparticles plus Nigella sativa oil. After 30 days, the mice were sacrificed and the ovary tissues were separated. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test, and the means were significantly different at P The results of this study showed that, the mean total volume of ovary and the number of primordial, primary, secondary and graph follicles significantly decreased in the Silver Nanoparticles group compared with the control group (p So it is not far-fetched that this oil has improved the factors in our study.

Calotropis procera (subfamily Asclepiadoideae) is one of important medicinal plants in desert and natural resources that has wide distribution in dry and hot areas of southern of Kerman province, Iran. Synorganization of flower is extreme in Asclepiadoideae among angiosperms. Synorganization of flower parts and pollen germination and tube growth were studied. The species contains pentamerous, actinomorphic and bisexual flowers with thick, hairy and white-pink calyx. Corolla is saucer shaped and white-violet that are fused in floral bud and its top part reopened at anthesis. Stamens are attached together through stamen tube and pollinia. Anthers are attached to the stigma to form gynostegium and filaments form a tube around the gynoecium. Stamen tube contains guide rail and corona for pollinator attraction and movement. Each anther contains two thecae, each one has one pollinium (pollen sac) in which pollen grains are united as compact in collective envelope. Two pollinia, one each from two neighboring anthers are connected together by a translator (consists of a clip and two arms.) and form pollinarium apparatus. Thus, pollen grains are not dispersed singly; pollinia are always transported together. The translator does not consist of cellular structure. The postgenital fusion occurs between the anthers and pentagonal stigma and in the upper zone between the two carpels. Synorganisation of flower parts is mostly postgenital. In vitro pollen germination and tube growth was high on basal medium at 300C. One or both pollinia from pollinarium apparatus record pollen germination and tube growth. Pollinia growth showed the unilateral organization.

Daracocephalum Kotschyi Boiss is a pharmaceutical and aromatic species of Lamiaceae which could be found in the northern and the north-eastern highlands of Iran. D. Kotschyi is an endangered species due to specific circumstances of habitat and human indiscriminated harvest. In vitro culture of different explants from sterile seedlings showed that all of media used for hypocotyl just produced callus without any shoot regeneration. The best callus production obtained from 14 day old - cotyledonary leaves cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 BA and 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. These calli were subcultured to MS medium containing 2 mg l-1 BA and 0.2 mg l-1 NAA that showed 33.3% shoot regeneration. In order to indirect regeneration using sequential reculturing, cotyledonary leaves on MS medium containing 1 mg l-1 BA and 1 mg l-1 NAA that 53.3% shoot regeneration was obtained. 75% from regenerated plants that were subcultured on root induction medium supplemented by 2 mg l-1 NAA could produce the strong roots. These plants were transferred to vermiculite and soil.They were adapted to greenhouse condition.

Including liver diseases is cholestasis which is a consequence of disordered bile secretion causes an accumulation of poisonous bile in the body. If untreated, Cholestasis is causing damage to various organs. In this research was planned to investigate the effects of cholestasis and neuroaid (a drug which protects and repairs neurons) on the expression of Bax gene, in cerebellum of rat brain. Bax has role in apoptosis.

A total number of 16 rats were divided into four groups as follows: Control group. BDL group, the rats which were just operated for bile duct ligation. BDL-neuroaid group, the rats which received both operation and neuroaid. Sham-neuroaid group, the rats which were not operated, but received the operation stress and neuroaid. Following the treatments, the rats were killed and their cerebellum were removed from their brain. RNA was extracted from the cerebellum cells, cDNA was synthesized, and Real time PCR was performed to measure the gene expression.

According To the results, cholestasis causes increase in the expression of Bax gene; Neuroaid causes reduces in the expression Bax gene.

Cholestasis changes is benefit to increase internal apoptosis pathway, however, neuroaid can approximately reduce this effect as well through making reduces Bax gene and as a result reduction of apoptosis, in cerebellum of rat brain.

Recent advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation have increased life expectancy in these patients. Toxic substances and ionizing radiation threaten endocrine activity and reproductive cycle, causing loss of fertility and early ovarian failure (POF). Common approaches to treating fertility include ovarian Oophoropexy, oocyte and embryo freezing, and freezing of ovarian tissue and transplantation. Cryopreservation of the embryo and oocyte requires hormonal stimuli to increase the number of eggs, but delay the onset of cancer treatment and directly contribute to the development of hormone-dependent tumors. On the other hand, in the freezing of the embryo, there is a need for a sexual partner (the wife or sperm donor) and is not accessible to young girls and children. For this reason, in young patients, in order to preserve fertilization, ovarian tissue cultures and then transplantation are more useful. So far, various methods have been used in ovarian transplantation on different animal and human species. Each of these methods has some advantages and disadvantages. However, many unresolved issues remain with regard to maintaining fertility in cancer patients. On the other hand, hopefuls have been opened to preserve the fertility of cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to update the research on fertility preservation strategies and to summarize the progress made in this regard.

Brachythecium is one of the genus of Brachytheciaceae family that has 14 species in Iran specially in Hyrcanian region.Many species of Brachythecium exhibit a broad range of variation. In this study, foue species of this genus consisting B. salebrosum, B. rutabulum, B. rivular and B. mildeanum were comparised based on morphological and anatomical characters in Savadkooh forests of Mazandaran province. Our results showed that leaf shape, basal cells of leaf , margins plane and costa characters are an important to distinguish their species. B. salebrosum is charactrised by slightly falcate, lanceolate leavesrather distinctly serrulate leaf margins, narrow laminal cells almost reaching the leaf base near the costa, and a small quadrate alar region composed of subquadrate cells. In B. mildeanum leaf margin and apex shape of leaf can distinguished this taxon from another species. In B. rivular, that closely resemble B.rutabulum, distinct patches of colorless cells and basal cells are different from another lamina cells.