مجله تولید و فرآوری محصولات زراعی و باغی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1397)

Crop wild relatives adaptively diversified for environmental stresses are valuable resources for crop breeding especially for climate change scenarios, supposedly worsening drought and heat conditions. In this study, genetic variation of 54 barley genotypes comprised of 47 H. vulgare spp. spontaneum genotypes collected from west of Iran along with Reyhan cultivar and six F1 hybrids resulted from cross of Reyhan cultivar with wild barley was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative morphological traits. The results indicated that grain yield had the highest variation as a quantitative trait and grain color had the highest polymorphism as a qualitative trait. Results of principal component analysis revealed that first component with 31.5% of variation (major contributors being days to flowering, days to pollination and days to maturity); as well as second component with 22.18% of variation (major contributors being grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and grain width) were the phenology and the yield components, respectively. The cluster analysis divided the genotypes into four groups. Reyhan cultivar was placed in the first group, F1 hybrids along with three top yielding wild genotypes were allocated to the second groups and genotypes from northwestern of Iran were allocated to the third group and other wild genotypes were allocated to the fourth group. The results showed no heterosis in the hybrids obtained from cultivated × wild barley cross.

In order to study the effect of planting date on five cultivars of wheat (Khazar1, Falat, Zagros, Kohdasht, Karim) an experiment was conducted as a split-plot randomized complete block in Research Farm of Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, in northern Iran at 2013-2014. Main plots contained nine planting dates (November 4th, November 19th, December 3rd, December 18th, January 2nd, January 18th, February 8th, February 23rd and March 9th) and sub plots were the cultivars. According to the Biplot, cultivar Kohdasht had the highest seed yield and medium stability and Khazar1 had the highest stability and medium grain yield. Falat produced the lowest seed yield and Karim produced the most. Planting dates of November 4th and 19th had the highest seed yield and stability, respectively. Kuhdasht and Khazar were the nearest to an ideal genotype and planting date of November 19th was nearest to an ideal planting date. The cultivar Falat and planting date of December 18th were identified as the unsuitable cultivar and planting date. All results taken together, lead us to the conclusion that seeding cultivar Kohdasht at either November 4th or 19th may lead to the highest and most stable seed yield, though further studies in upcoming years are recommended.

Cold is one of the most important abiotic stresses, limiting growth and yield of rapeseed in cold prone areas in Iran. In order to study the cold tolerance of selected popular rapeseed genotypes in Iran and its relationship with SSR markers, this research was conducted in two separate experiments. In the first experiment 24 genotypes of rapeseed were exposed to 25˚C (as control) and 5˚C (as cold stress) treatments at seedling stage. Ten days after implementing cold treatment (about 30 days after sowing), an array of morphological and physiological characteristics were measured. A wide genetic variation was observed among genotypes for the measured traits. The maximum of the genetic diversities of morphological characters in cold and non-stress conditions  (60.77 and 62.22, respectively) was observed for the root dry weight. Cluster analysis classified genotypes into four groups based on the measured characters and CR3198 was the genotype identified as cold tolerant at seedling stage. This genotype indicated the greatest root length (18.25 cm), root dry weight (0.3 g), SPAD value (39.71) and Fv/Fm (0.79) and the smallest electrolyte leakage (13.02) under cold stress (5˚C) treatment. Cold tolerant genotypes were characterized by a high seedling vigor. In the second experiment relationships between ten pairs of SSR markers and cold-related traits were investigated. Results of binary logistic regression showed that some SSR markers were associated with shoot and root dry weight and cold stress tolerance index. Three SSR markers including Na10-B08, Na12-E09 and Ra2-E11 were found to be related to cold stress tolerance index of rapeseed at seedling stage. In general, results of this investigation can be used for improving cold tolerance of rapeseed seedlings in breeding programs.

Drought stress is the most important factor which negatively effects the plant growth and crop productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, in a field experiment, the effect of Salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1mM) and Methyl jasmonate (0, 5 and 10µM) was studied on growth parameters and bulb yield of a Primavera cultivar onion under water stress conditions in 2015. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced and SA and MJ increased all measured traits. Interactive effects of MJ × drought stress and SA × drought stress was significant on plant fresh weight, chlorophyll a, b and total, and carotenoids concentrations, relative water content, bulb length and diameter and plant height. Interaction of drought stress × methyl jasmonate × salicylic acid on the leaf number, plant dry weight, ionic leakage and the final bulb yield was significant and the highest bulb yield was obtained in non-stress condition treatment and combined 0.5 mM salicylic acid and 10µM methyl jasmonate. The highest bulb yield in drought stress conditions was obtained when plants were exposed to 1mM salicylic acid and 10µM methyl jasmonate treatment.

Fertilization is one of the most important management principles in modern viticulture, which plays a major role in improving of the vine- grower's economy with a direct impact on productivity and the final quality of both fruits and raisins. Foliar application is one of the fast and effective methods for meeting plants nutrition requirement, especially in the critical stages of growth. In this study the effect of iron chelate (Fe-EDDHA) and urea, each in three levels of 0, 0.5 and 1% was evaluated in ‘Sultana’ grapevine in a 10-years old vineyard under a factorial desing based on  randomized complete block in Bahareh village of Malayer city, west of Iran, in 2016. Trees were sprayed  during three stages, including of one week befor flowering and two and five weeks after corolla abscision. The fruit harvesting was done in mid-September based on maturity index for measurement of certain qualitative and quantitative characters of fruits. The highest fruit set percentage and yield was achieved in 1% urea in combination with 1% Fe and the lowest of these indices were observed in control plants. Moreover, urea and iron chelate, and their interaction, significantly (P ≤ 0.01) influenced total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity, total phenol, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid in ‘Sultana’ grapevine fruits. The maximum TSS of berry was obtained with 1% Fe solely or in combination with urea at 0.5% and 1% concentrations, indicating the key role of Fe in TSS increasing of berry. Flavonoid and total phenol contents were higher in the presence of 0.5 and 1% of Fe, compared to other treatments. The highest anthocyanin content was achieved with application of 0.5% of Fe. The results showed that while application of urea and iron in 1% concentrations are necessary for a greater fruit yield, a higher quality of fruit is brought about with  application of urea at a moderate concentration in combination with Fe at the highest examined level.

The stability of yield performance is one of the most desirable characters of a genotype to be released as a variety, which allows the developed varieties to be adopted in large areas. To obtain high yielding and stable durum wheat genotypes, 18 durum wheat lines and promising lines along with two commercial durum (Behrang) and bread wheat (Chamran) check cultivars were evaluated in four warm and dry locations of Iran including Darab, Ahvaz, Khoramabad and Dezful  during two cropping seasons (2013-2015). The experiments were conducted in form of RCBD with three replications. Seed yield and some agronomic characteristics were recorded in each location. Results of SIIG criterion, calculated based on all parametric methods, indicated that lines DW-93-10, DW-93-7, DW-93-15, DW-93-16, DW-93-4 and DW-93-18, in comparison with the other lines, had the least deviation from the ideal genotype (d+) and had the greatest deviation from the non-ideal (d-) one; therefore these lines with maximum SIIG were the stable lines. Results of SIIG index, calculated based on all non-parametric methods, indicated that the lines DW-93-18, DW-93-15, DW-93-10, DW-93-16, DW-93-7, DW-93-14, DW-93-2, DW-93-4 and DW-93-5 were characterized with maximum SIIG and were introduced as stable genotypes. Based on parametric and non-parametric procedures, the lines DW-93-10, DW-93-7, DW-93-15, DW-93-4 and DW-93-18 were introduced as stable genotypes. Finally, by using average of yield, grain quality indices and resistance to diseases, lines DW-93-4 and DW-93-5 along with DW-93-19 as the earliest maturity lines were selected to be tested in on-farm yield trials of next cropping seasons.

To investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on yield of mung bean genotypes, an experiment was conducted as a split plot in randomized complete block design (RCB) with three replications. The main plot was irrigation regime in three levels (supply of 100, 80 and 60% of crop water requirement) and subplot was genotype in five levels (VC 11-18b, VC 63-72, CN-9-5, NM 54 and 1-61-145). The results showed that effect of cultivar was significant on all traits, except seeds per pod. Also, the interaction of irrigation regime and genotype had no significant effect on grain weight, grain protein content and seeds per pod. Genotype VC 11-18-b had the highest number of pods, seed yield, harvest index and protein yield, when it received 100% of its water requirement. Results showed that with withholding water, the examined cultivars tended to produce a similar seed yield. The highest harvest index was obtained in VC 11-18-b genotype. But, notable difference in harvest index of NM 54 genotype (when it was subjected to application of 100% and 60% of water requirement) showed that water-induced modifications in grain and shoot dry mass yield in the latter cultivar was higher than the remaining genotypes. In general, irrigation regime had no significant effect on grain protein content.

In order to investigate the effect of saline irrigation water and potassium spraying treatments on the yield and photosynthetic assimilate partitioning coefficient, a study was conducted in 2014 in the form of split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Rudasht Salinity and Drainage Research station in Isfahan, central Iran. Irrigation water treatments with salinity of 4, 8 and 12 dS m-1 were the main plots and a factorial of three genotypes (Mutant LM 1673, Mutant LM 1303 and Shayan) with 3 levels of potassium sulfate (2, 4 and 6 kg 1000 L-1 water ha-1) and control (Spraying with water) formed the subplots. The results showed that the effect of salinity treatment on lint yield, lint percent and allocation of dry matter to plant organs was statistically significant. Increasing salinity from 4 to 8 and 12 dS m-1 reduced the lint yield by19.6% and 43.6%, and also reduced lint percent by 5% and 7.3%, respectively. The lint yield of the mutant LM-1303 at 3 levels of salinity of 4, 8 and 12 dS m-1 was 3918, 2990 and 2315 kg ha-1, respectively, and in this respect, a significant superiority was observed compared with the other two genotypes. Spraying with potassium sulfate at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 6 per mil increased yield by 20.5%, 31% and 28%, respectively, compared to control treatment. In general, mutant LM-1303 had potential for the successful production under salt stress conditions in the region, and potassium sulfate spraying had a positive effect on the lint yield only under non-stress conditions.

Two experiments were conducted under field and greenhouse conditions, to investigate the effect of herbal spraying chlormequat chloride (CCC) (0 and 2.5 g. L-1), soil incorporation of Zinc sulfate (Zn) at the three rates of 0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1, and pre-treatment of seeds with bio-fertilizer Nitroxin (Nit) in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement and three replications. Field experiments during 2013-14 growing season were conducted under two locations, at Experimental Farm of the College of Agriculture, Ilam University at Ilam, West of Iran and Agricultural Research Station of  Bushehr, South of Iran. Root properties were studied in response to above mentioned treatments at two growth stages, anthesis and seed maturity under greenhouse condition. Results showed that spraying CCC increased spike number plant-1, grain number spike-1, grain yield and seed protein content by about 14.1%, 13.6% and 28.5%, respectively. Spraying CCC at 2.5 g L-1, application of 50 kg of Zn and inoculating seeds with Nit treatment had the greatest grain yield (1710 kg per hectare) and protein content (12.8%). Spraying 2.5 g.L-1 solution of CCC, Soil incorporation with 50 kg Zn and seeds pre-treatment with Nit at anthesis stage increased root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight as well as ratio of root to shoot dry weight by 17.7%, 21.9%, 30.3% and 32.8% in comparison to control treatment. Overall, the greatest grain yield of wheat cultivar Kohdasht was obtained from spraying 2.5 g.L-1 of CCC, applying 50 kg of Zn as soil incorporation and pre-treatment of seeds with bio-fertilizer Nit.

In order to study the melon genotypes to broomrape,  an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Barekat research field of Jovein  in Sabzevar, east of Iran. Seeds of 14 genotypes of melon (Melon, Magasi, Khatouni, Nishabour, Tabassi, Tallebi, Jim Abad, Eyvankay, Tashkendi, Mianeh, Mianeh atashbar, Atrak, Galia kayhan, Galia hybrid) were planted in a farm with a history of broomrape infestation and control treatments for each genotype were also planted in a farm with no history of broomrape infestation,  but with the same physical and chemical properties of soil and management. The results showed that melon genotypes were significantly different based on fruit weight and plant biomass. Infestation broomrape led to a significant reduction in fruit  weight and plant biomass. Melon genotypes tolerance to broomrape were significantly different. Among the melon genotypes, Jim Abad had the lowest fruit and plant weight loss. However its parasitization by broomrape was also the highest. This means that Jim Abad genotype is more tolerant to broomrape compared with other evaluated melon genotypes.