Social Determinants of Health
Volume:4 Issue: 1, 2018

The prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Indonesia reached 24.2% in 2013. The present study aimed to identify the determinants of CED in pregnant women.
A cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2016 - July 2017 in Jeneponto Regency. The standard used in Indonesia categorizes CED when MUAC The results showed that the prevalence of CED is quite high (n=131) (21.3%). The variables that contributed to the CED occurrence were age (OR=2.662, 95%CI=1.785-3.968, P The present study concludes that age and education level are potential to be determinant factors for CED. Attempts should be made to prevent the impact of CED on pregnant women. The government needs to provide the proper program to overcome impact and prevalent of CED.

Today, there are several methods in medicine to treat the infertility, and surrogate uterine is one of the new methods. The aim of the current study was to compare the Maternal-Fetal Attachment (MFA) and feelings of guilt of women volunteered to be surrogate mothers at the time of relinquishing the child to the biological parents and those of the women with normal pregnancies.
The present case control study was conducted on 30 women volunteered to be surrogate mothers after the birth of infants and relinquishing to the biological parents from October 2015 to January 2016 and 30 women who had normal pregnancy after childbirth using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Cranley's Maternal-Fetus Attachment Scale, and Test of Self-Conscious Affect. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0., running Levene's test and independent t-test. The significant level was considered as P The mean score of maternal-fetal attachment behaviors in women with gestational surrogacy and with normal pregnancy was 89.2±11.35 and 95.9±8.52, respectively (P=0.02). The means of guilt in women with gestational surrogacy and with normal pregnancy were 65.1±6.64 and 63.7±10.05, respectively (P=0.12)
Maternal-fetus attachment score in surrogate mothers was less than that in normal mothers. The obtained results showed that there was no significant difference in guilt between surrogate and normal mothers. In other words, surrogate mothers did not feel guiltier than normal ones.

Despite the importance of Tuberculosis (TB) control program and elimination of disease as its target, only a few studies have been carried out to evaluate tuberculosis control in Iran. In the present study, we intended to ask the opinions from experts and managers of Iran University of Medical Sciences about the TB control program in Iran.
A Qualitative study was carried out to determine experts’ and managers’ opinions about the national TB control program. Experts and stakeholders were listed for focus group discussions (FGD) and interviews using purposive sampling method. We interviewed all levels of staff involved in the tuberculosis control program (managers, physicians, and administrative and executive staffs). Three FGD sessions were held with 28 participants. The participants were excluded if they had less than six months of experience in TB program. FGD and interviews were manually coded and the themes and sub-themes were extracted. After analyzing the results, the final report was drafted.
The results were classified into four themes and 15 subthemes (6 in input, 3 in process, 2 in outputs, and 4 in outcome). There were positive points and problems in each part. To achieve the goal of End TB, we will need to review the process, incorporate with other sectors, apply new diagnostic methods, and participate with other stakeholders (internal and external).
Because of the effects of socio-economic factors on tuberculosis, considering the current implementation of the program; it is not possible to eliminate tuberculosis.

Job satisfaction of physicians in family physician team is considered as one of the important factors for health system. The aim of the preent study was to compare the quality of work life (QoWL) in rural family physicians and general physicians with private clinics in Kurdistan province.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 103 general physicians including 50 rural family physicians and 53 general physicians with private clinics in Kurdistan province in 2016. The data were collected using QoWL questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS, v. 16. Descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation (SD) were used to describe the data and to examine the relationship between the variables, T-test was run.
The QoWL of rural family physicians with a mean of 55 (SD = 7.6) was higher than average scores. But QoWL of other general physicians with a mean of 47.7 (SD = 13.5) was lower than average scores. The results of t-test showed that there was a significant difference between QoWL of family physicians and other general physicians (t = 82.3, p = 0.001). In rural family physicians, there is a significant association between the QoWL and gender (t=2.7, P = 0.009) as well as native status (t=2.53, P = 0.004). In general physicians with private clinics, the QoWL of native physicians was higher than that of non-native physicians (t = 4.3, P = 0.001).
The QoWL of rural family physicians is better than that of others general physicians, even though it is unsatisfactory in both studied groups. Therefore, improving the QoWL of rural family physicians, especially female and non-native rural family physicians, is recommended because promoting the rural family physician's satisfaction can decrease the likelihood of turnover, and thus increase service quality and responsiveness, as a goal of the health system.

Viral hepatitis B is a common community infection. It damages the liver tissue and can be a risk factor for cirrhosis or also liver cancer. In this study, we investigated the major risk factors for hepatitis B in Hamedan blood donors.
119 HBs Ag positive patients and 452 HBs Ag negative blood donors were evaluated by filling a questionnaire. Logistic Regression was used to calculate Odds Ratios (OR) of risk factors.
Of a total 571 subjects, 27.6% were female with the same distribution in both groups. Of all subjects, 88.6% were living in cities and the rest were villagers. 65.7% were married. Among the risk factors studied “History of Surgery” ranked first (OR=3.11), and “Familial History of Liver Disease” was the second (OR=2.90). In contrast with our expectation, human bite, dental filling, and needle stick had odds ratios less than one.
Of all risk factors investigated in our study, “History of Surgery” had the highest odds ratio, which suggests a probability of transmission by surgical team members, which suggests further study. The major risk factors in our study were consistent with other studies but further investigations are essential.

Chronic diseases are the main cause of death in the world and exercise can play an important role in preventing many chronic diseases.
Given the key role of medical students on public health behaviors the aim of this study was to assess physical activity and factors influencing it in medical students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on all medical students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences by census method, in a six-month period. The valid and reliable self-administrate international physical activity questionnaire was used. Relevant data were entered in to SPSS20 software and the data were analyzed using ANOVA statistical test, chi-square and multinomial logistic regression.
The level of physical activity in 53.1% of the participants was low, in 36% was moderate and in 10.9% was vigorous. The results of Univariate analysis showed that there was no statistically significant association between age, domestic/ non-domestic, marital status, level of education, and type of housing with physical activity whereas there was a significant association between gender, mother and father occupation, mother and father educational level with the level of physical activity (P Medical students in Iran are not in a good status in terms of physical activity. Considering decisive role of parents in their children's attitudes towards physical activity, even in college, parent training seems necessary.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world, which this is a serious problem in many developing countries. In the world we can anticipate prevalence of cancer will high to double by 2020 and this news is very important issue for health care and women (1) .In Iran breast cancer is common among women representing 22.4% in 100000 women (2). cancer can have many negative psychological consequences such as depression ,sexual relationship problem, problem with significant others especial husband and children, isolation, low self-esteem, anxiety, worry about future and health, hopelessness and helplessness, suicidal ideation, negative body image and self-blaming which affect their illness (3 ). Therefore, coping with this disease is an important challenge for patients.