نشریه پژوهش های ادبیات تطبیقی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار 1397)

Wisdom is a complex concept for which an accepted definition has not been presented yet. However, experts generally agree that wisdom consists of knowledge, insight, reflection, and the combination of an individual’s interests and others’ welfare. Due to the mysterious nature of wisdom, it has been the focus of research in different times, places and cultures. Since wisdom has a close relation with culture, and no clear definition of wisdom is available in Iranian culture, the present study analyzed and discussed wisdom and wisdom features in Shahnameh through the comparative study of characteristics of wisdom behavior in Zal based on Ardedt’s three-dimensional model. The population of this qualitative study included Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Through purposive sampling, Zal was selected for further analysis. Shahnameh’s content was analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Findings showed that wisdom features include religiosity and ethics, thinking/ awareness, perception of facts and lack of subjectivism and projection, empathy / affection and support/ service, communication and acquisition of cultural experiences and values. Furthermore, results showed that it is possible to express wisdom in five different dimensions, including spiritual, cognitive, reflective, emotional, social and cultural dimensions.

Comparative literature has provided various methodologies in the process of its evolution and development. The American School of comparative literature, beside breaking the established limitations of the French School, has placed emphasis on the necessity of discovering the connection between literature and the other arts and human knowledge and consequently extracting and classifying the common rules governing literature. Following this point of view, the present study has, from a comparative perspective, compared part of Leyla and Majnun narrative by Nur ad-Dīn Abdurrahman Jāmī in Haft Orange Masnavi with a painting called "Qays First Glimpses at Layli" attributed to Muzaffar Ali, a follower of Tabriz Painting School. The present study is thought of as a practical example with the aim of correctly explaining the viewpoints of the American School of comparative literature. On the basis of this study, the time element, paratextuality, description, and signification are among the general principles in literature which can be extended and generalized over the other knowledge areas via the comparison of literature with the painting art. In the other section of this study, the implicit significations hidden in the folio have been extracted. Discovering the relationship and connection between literature and painting can double up a professional audience's artistic enjoyment rate and the watcher, while standing opposite the folio, can gain artistic enjoyment from the two arts. The study also indicates that a literary text, after having been transmitted to another significational area, inevitably loses some of its components or appears in a different form.

Molavi has not lost the way of mystery, hence Quran verses and hadis and religious narration reflect the great works especially in Masnavi. This study is the religious narration of Balal due to Arabic books , Seyreh and history which refers to Molavi's Masnavi, then changes which show transferring of simple news to readable texts with different meanings by analytical description, to analyze the comparative principles (French school), due to Islamic approaches, he has come to this fact that Molavi has added some points due to increase of text, inspire the life philosophy, adaptation, translation, and interpretations of main tale which caused to change characters and their importance, changing contextual text, inter-textual relations and language functions. Molavi's changes refer to form and content, the poetic format of Masnavi is to make piece, to make story longer, besides plot(Moazenio Beheshti as Balal), the separate interpretations are figurative, to change the main character of story, using conversation, dream interpreter of Abubakr which shows his honesty in knowledge. The expression of love in Manavi is part of increase gashtar, to reflect Molavi's thought and poetic art.

The story of Daghughi in Mathnavi, composed by Jolaliddin Mohammad Moulavi,A mystic, poet, and thinker of th century(Hejri) (th A.D.) , and Memorable Fancy in the Marriage of Heaven & Hell , written by William Blake, poet , mystic, and thinker of th and th century(A.D.)are mystical works . In this article, these two revelations in Contrastive literature genre with aphoristic content, with attention to view point of Hans.G.Gadamer and T.S.Eliot have been analysed. Some literary works owing to their special characteristics lie at the top of all literary texts. in other words are considered classic works of art . The result shows that in revelation of Daghughi and Blake, Wisdom and aphoristic contents are coursing like blood throughout the body of text although this revelation is imaginative and spiritual, with attention to rhetorical attitude, it will help man understand life better. Narration, allegory, attitude of oratorical subjects, short sentences and proverbs influence humans in wondrous way that provide us with awareness and practical doctrines.

In comparative analysis, some influences and impressions are revealed that their comparison can be of great help to researchers in optimum perception of this author's literature. In this work, we use comparative analysis to show how Djalal Al-e-Ahmad’s style of writing is fundamentally similar to and affected by that of Louis Ferdinand Celine’s, in its neuroticism, brevity and the high frequency of sentence fractions which creates an almost identical colloquial tone in both authors. “Emotion” and “brevity” are the two keywords of these twin styles. The social analysis of literature studies common social factors affecting authors who lived in time frames where similar historical and cultural events took place. This method also mentions the effects of such factors on different aspects of the authors’ style. So we study the effect of similar social and environmental factors on the style of the two authors: Louis Ferdinand Celine and Djalal Al-e Ahmad, using sociological analysis.

The association between myth & mystical themes in literary and narrative contexts in the extensive field of literature is one of the forms of recognizing identities of human and society. Investigating of applying theme in contemporary literary texts in Gide’s & Hafez’s works in order to represent social, psychological and individual transformations has a symbolic form. If the authors specify the time and space in a story, symbols & applied myths make these times and spaces more tangible. Some of these symbols and applied myths indicate a number of positive mental concepts, while some others portray negative ones. Myth not only into the living culture of humans, but it has also penetrated deeply into literature & mysticism. Many of the Hafez’s & Gide’s prose and poetic narratives include mystic themes understanding of which requires identifying the content and the devices used in their texts. In the present paper, it has been attempted to demonstrate the similarities & differences of these two author’s texts from a mystical and mythical point of view.