مجله فیض
سال بیست و دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 100، امرداد و شهریور 1397)

Repeated seizure attacks lead to extensive neuronal damage and cognitive impairment such as memory loss and learning. Probiotics are shown to have some protective actions against neurological disorders. The present study aimed to examine the effect of probiotics on learning, memory and the nitric oxide level in kindled rats.
In this experimental study, 40 male rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, kindled with penthylenetetrazole (PTZ), kindled and valproic acid (VPA), kindled after probiotic treatment (probiotic PTZ), and kindled before probiotic treatment (PTZ probiotic). The animals were treated by a mixture of probiotics for 4 weeks. Chemical kindling was induced by intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (35 mg/kg) every 48 hours for 24 days. The learning and spatial memory were evaluated by the Morris water maze. The serum nitric oxide level was assessed by the Miranda method.
No significant difference was observed between the control and VPA groups in terms of memory, learning and serum levels of nitric oxide. Learning (P Probiotic supplementation reduces the level of nitric oxide and improves the learning and memory process.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 5-HT3 receptor agonist in the CA1 hippocampus area on demolition of ethanol-induced memory.
This study was conducted on 96 NMRI mice. Ethanol was injected intraperitoneally, while 5-HT3 receptor agonist (MCHL) was injected intra-CA1. To assess the memory, a single-trial step-down passive avoidance apparatus was used.
Results showed that pre-training injection of ethanol (1mg/kg), and MCHL (0.5 ng/mouse) decreased a passive avoidance memory in the adult mice. Also, a non- effective dose of MCHL (0.005 ng/mouse) with a non- effective dose of ethanol (0.01mg/kg) induced amnesia. Also, the results showed that injection of different doses of MCHL (0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 ng/mouse) combined with an effective dose of ethanol (1mg/kg) could retrieve damaged memory by ethanol.
Findings of this study showed that the CA1 region of the hippocampus has an important role in amnesia induced by serotonin and serotonin CA1 5-HT3 receptor agonists have interaction with ethanol.

Diabetes is a chronic disease which can lead to increased levels of leptin and lipid profile. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of resistance training and genistein on leptin and lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
In this experimental study, 56 diabetic rats were divided into 7 groups of 8 rats including control, resistance training, 30 mg/kg genistein consumption, 10 mg/kg genistein consumption, resistance training and 30 mg/kg genistein consumption, resistance training and 10 mg/kg genistein consumption, and sham. The training groups performed a resistance training program for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week.
Resistance training had a significant effect on reduction of leptin, triglyceride, cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P≤0.05). Genistein consumption had a significant effect on reduction of leptin and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (P≤0.05) and had no effect on reduction of triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P≥0.05). Resistance training along with genistein consumption had an interactional effect on reduction of leptin, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL and increased HDL (P≤0.05). Also, 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg genistein consumption had similar effects on reduction of leptin and increased HDL levels in diabetic rats (P≥0.05).
Resistance training along with genistein consumption has interactional effects on leptin and lipid reduction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Previous studies have shown the protective effect of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme in development of convulsions. However, involvement of COX-2 in the pathogenesis of epilepsy is not yet well-known. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of celecoxib and nimesulide (selective COX-2 inhibitors) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced clonic seizure threshold in mice.
In this study, white male mice were randomly divided into 13 groups including control groups, solvent (Tween 80) and eleven experimental groups which received celecoxib (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg), nimesulide (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg), diazepam (0.1, 0.5 and 5 mg/kg), and combination of non-effective dose of diazepam with celecoxib or nimesulide. Pentylenetetrazol-induced clonic seizure threshold was assessed in all groups.
Nimesulide (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), celecoxib (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), and diazepam (0.5 and 5 mg/kg) significantly increased the PTZ-induced seizure threshold compared with the solvent group (P Findings of the current study show the possible role of COX-2 isoenzyme in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. It is possible that some COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib act through GABAergic neurons and reduce excitability by increasing GABA release. Also, the difference between the effects of celecoxib and nimesulide can be attributed to the effect of these two compounds on COX-1 and COX-2 expression.

In the last decade, cancer incidence increases progressively with age and older patients cannot participate in treatment programs due to the special physical condition and side effects of anti-tumor drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of six-week voluntary wheel running exercise on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced hepatotoxicity in aging model rats.
Thirty-two Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to exercise and control groups with 4 subgroups. All subjects received a daily injection of D-galactose for nine weeks (100 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally). The training protocol included six weeks of voluntary wheel running exercise. Doxorubicin was administrated intraperitoneally (1mg/kg/day) for 15 days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) levels were measured after liver tissue homogenization by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Administration of cumulative dose of DOX caused no significant decrease in SOD and AIF levels (P=0.797, and P=0.869, respectively). Six weeks of voluntary wheel running exercise led to insignificant decrease in SOD and insignificant increase in AIF in comparison to the control group (P=0.377, and P=0.948, respectively).
According to the results of the present study, the six-week voluntary wheel running exercise has no significant effect on DOX-induced hepatotoxicity in aging model rats.

In recent years, the potential effects of nanoscale materials on the central nervous system have become even more noticeable. The cerebellum is one of the areas of the brain with high absorption of zinc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on oxidative stress indices in rat cerebellum in the presence and absence of vitamin C.
In this experimental study, male Wistar rats (250-200g) were divided into the following groups (n=7): a normal saline group (control), three groups that received different doses of zinc oxide NPs (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg), three groups that received different doses of vitamin ­C (30, 60 and 120 mg/kg) and three groups that received 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of zinc oxide NPs combined with 30 mg/kg of vitamin­ C. Half an hour after receiving the medication, the rats were anesthetized and then their cerebellum was removed and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol groups of the cerebellum region were measured.
The MDA level decreased significantly in the groups received 5mg/kg of zinc oxide NPs, in the groups received different doses of vitamin­ C, and in the groups received different doses of zinc oxide NPs combined with 30 mg/kg vitamin­ C compared with the saline group. Total thiol concentration did not change significantly in the different study groups compared to the control group.
Zinc oxide NPs alone or in combination with vitamin C has a reduced effect on oxidative stress in the rat cerebellum.

Hippocampal neurodegeneration caused the incidence of cognitive deficits, along with a possible decrease of neurotrophins. Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor, which could protect the nervous system from neuronal degeneration through neurotrophic modifications. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of VPA on a hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, CA1 area of hippocampal histopathology, and spatial memory assessment in animal models of hippocampal degeneration.
To induce hippocampal degeneration, rats were injected intraperitoneally with trimethyltin (TMT). Three test groups (TMT哰) received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of VPA, respectively, and the TMT䦩抝 group received normal saline for 14 days after TMT intoxication. To investigate the spatial memory, the Morris water maze was used. Then, the BDNF hippocampal level was evaluated using the ELISA technique and histopathological evaluation of hippocampus was also done.
Valproic acid decreased the distance and latency time to arrive the hidden platform in learning blocks and increased the spent time in the target quadrant in a probe test following TMT intoxication. Also, the BDNF hippocampal level and amelioration of cell damage in the CA1 area of the hippocampus significantly increased in VPA-treated groups compared with the TMT䦩抝 group.
Valproic acid has neuroprotective effects, which can decrease cognitive deficits due to TMT intoxication in rats.

Seaweed is one of the natural resources with a wide range of secondary metabolites, which has cytotoxic properties. The present study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of seaweed Sargassum glaucescens collected from Chabahar seashores against colorectal and breast cancer cells.
The cytotoxicity of methanol, chloroform, ethyl-acetate and hexane extracts of the seaweed at different concentrations (125, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/ml) against cancer cells of MCF-7 and HT-29 was evaluated by MTT and trypan blue methods. The DNA fragmentation of cells was also investigated by the electrophoresis method.
The percentage of live cells was decreased by increasing the concentration of the extracts. The concentration of 1000 μg/ml of methanol extract showed the highest effect compared to the control and also lower concentrations of the extract (P The cytotoxic effect of the seaweed extract can be the beginning of further studies to achieve cancer treatment. Also, after pre-clinical and clinical studies, these extracts can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

It has been indicated in several studies that honey consumption has beneficial effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study aimed at examining the effect of honey intake compared with sucrose on lipid profiles in young healthy people.
This randomized, single-blinded, clinical trial was performed on 60 healthy subjects with the age range of 18 to 30 years. Subjects were randomly divided into honey and sucrose groups. The honey group received 70 g honey per day and sucrose group received 70 g sucrose per day for one month. Lipid profiles of the participants were measured using the enzyme kit and compared in both groups (honey and sucrose) at the beginning and at the end of the intervention.
Results showed that there was no significant difference in the mean of the baseline FBS, SBP, and DBP between the honey and sucrose groups (P>0.3). From baseline to four weeks, honey reduced the levels of total cholesterol, TG, and LDL but sucrose intake increased these levels (P Honey consumption, unlike sucrose, can decrease total cholesterol, TG, and LDL and also can increase HDL in healthy people.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most common knee musculoskeletal disorder in active persons. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three aquatic therapy methods on pain, function and unstable balance in women with PFPS.
In this study, 45 women with PFPS were selected and randomly divided into three groups: aquatic therapy, aquatic therapy with temporary patella taping and aquatic therapy with permanent patella taping. Before and after eight weeks, the factors of pain, function, and balance were assessed by the VAS scale, Kujala questionnaire and the Biodex balance system SD, respectively.
There was no significant difference between the averages of pre-test and post-test of pain, function and balance among the groups. The results of t-test showed significant differences between pre-tests and post-tests of factors in three groups; in this regard, pain reduction (P=0.0001) and increase in function (P=0.0001) were significant in three groups. Unstable balance in the level 4, for the temporary taping group in two directions ((POA=0.0001(, and (PAP=0.0001)) and also balance in the level 8, for the temporary taping group in two directions ((POA=0.0001 (and (PML=0.0001)) showed significant improvement.
It can be concluded that it is not necessary to use patella tapping with aquatic therapy as an additional cost. Only the experts who seek to increase their patient's balance can improve their patients’ unstable balance by temporarily patella taping.

­ Exercise trainings with blood-flow restriction have been effective in improving various physical factors and can be a unique and beneficial method in the field of medicine. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the effects of one session of resistance training with and without blood-flow restriction of arm on changes in serum levels of growth hormone and lactate in athlete females.
To perform the current clinical trial, 30 basketball players aged 23-30 years were randomly divided into three groups: traditional resistance training (intensity of 80% 1RM), resistance training with blood-flow restriction (intensity of 30% 1RM) and control group. Training started with one set of 30 repetitions and ended with two sets up to fatigue with the rest time of 30 seconds. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after completing exercise training.
Post-test findings indicated a significant increase in the serum levels of growth hormone in two training groups compared to pre-test, but the amount of lactate ion in all three groups significantly reduced compared to the pre-test (P The pattern of growth hormone and lactate changes in both groups, with and without blood-flow restriction are similar to each other. It seems that for those who are not able to lift heavy weight, low intensity resistance training with blood-flow restriction can be replaced with traditional high-intensity training.

AIDS is one of the chronic and debilitating infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate personality traits and resiliency in patients with AIDS and normal people.
In this causal-comparative study, 30 patients with AIDS referred to the Behavioral Counseling Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital and Tehran Valfajr Health Center (in 2017) were selected by the accessible sampling method. Then, the normal group was selected among those referred to the health centers of Tehran Province by matching the variables of age, education, gender, employment and marriage status. The two groups were evaluated by the Big-Five Personality Inventory of Costa and McCrae (NEO-FFI) and Connor and Davidson resilience (CD-RISC) questionnaires.
The results of the current study showed no significant difference in the personality traits including "Extroversion", "Openness to Experience" and "Conscientiousness" between the two groups of AIDS and normal people (P>0.05). Also, people with AIDS obtained significantly higher scores in personality traits such as "Neuroticism" (P People with AIDS had higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of agreeableness and resiliency compared with normal people. It is recommended that these factors be considered in designing educational programs for AIDS patients.

Neosuporosis is caused by a parasitic protozoan called Neospora caninum. This parasite can infect different species of domestic and wild animals. Some studies have reported the possibility of human infection with this parasite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-Neospora caninum antibody in raw milk of cattle in Kashan city.
In this study, 187 milk samples were collected from two industrial farms in Kashan. The breed of all cows was Holstein. Before sampling, the livestock information such as age, race, history of abortion and stillbirth, the daily milk yield was recorded in the prepared forms. Fat of the samples was separated by centrifuge and lactoserums were collected. To determine anti-Neospora caninum antibody in milk samples, an indirect ELISA kit was used.
Results showed that 18.8% (CI=18.18±5.53) of the samples were infected with Neospora caninum. No significant relationship was found between the infection with this protozoa and milk production and age of the cows (P=0.84). Also, the results showed that there was no significant relationship between abortion and infection with Neospora.
Considering the contamination rate of cow's milk in Kashan, the implementation of control programs in livestock has great importance. Also, considering the possibility of human infection with Neospora, the need for attention to these control programs is more and more evident.