International Journal of Children and Adolescents
Volume:2 Issue: 4, Oct 2016

Thyroid function problems are often present with prematurity disorders. Thyroid hormones regulate growth and distinguish body organs; especially they affect central nervous system and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins. Thus, these hormones should be evaluated. The present study aims to determine the mean level of thyroid hormones among premature infants referred to NICUs of Aliasghar and Akbarabadi hospitals in 5th day, 2nd and 4th weeks.
In this cross-sectional study 140 infants who referred to Aliasghar and Akbarabadi hospitals NICU since May 2012 were examined after obtaining written consent from their proxies. At the 5th day 1cc blood sample was taken; and the procedure was repeated at the 2nd and 4th weeks. TSH and T4 were measured and the mean was calculated for the 3 stages.
Findings: A total of 140 patients (80 boys) were evaluated. Gestational mean age was 31.91 weeks. At the 5th day the means of TSH and T4 were 4.16 and 8.71, at the 2nd week 4.47 and 8.12, and for the 4th week 4.08 and 8.76, respectively.
In current study TSH level at the 5th day was 4.16±3.3 and T3 serum level 8.71±3.4. TSH in 2nd week measuring was 4.47±2.5 and T4 was 5.12±2.9. At the 4th week the TSH level was 4.08±1.9 and T4 was 8.76±2.8. TSH level was independent from gestational age, but T4 serum level had direct association with gestational age. There was no relationship between thyroid hormones’ level with birth weight, thyroid disorders history in infants’ family, and consuming thyroid medications during pregnancy.

Despite consistent evidence that probiotics reduce the duration of diarrhea, there is only weak evidence for their efficacy in reducing the duration of hospitalization. Another source of heteroge-neity for probiotic trials is the type of probiotic being assessed; also, information about combined products is scarce.
This is a randomized, single-blind controlled clinical trial performed in children hospitalized with acute rotavirus diarrhea carried out at a university hospital in Tehran, Iran. Children were randomly assigned to receive rehydration therapy or the same plus a multi-strain probiotic preparation. The primary outcome was the duration of hospitalization.
Findings: A total of 60 patients with acute diarrhea secondary to rotavirus infection were included; baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. A statistically significant difference in the duration of hospitalization was observed (p Results of this study support the use of multi-strain preparation probiotics in treating rotavirus acute diarrhea.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children. Recurrent UTI causes serious complications such as renal scarring, proteinuria and hypertension. Recent studies have reported that hypercalciuria may be considered a risk factor for recurrent UTI.
In this study 110 children 2months to 13years old age with recurrent UTI were evaluated for hypercalciuria, urinary tract anomalies and voiding dysfunction, constipation, reflux and scars of the kidney. Hypercalciuria was defined as a calcium/creatinine ratio more than 0.21 in at least two morning spot urine test. Recurrent UTI was defined as at least 3 episodes of cystitis or 2 episodes of pyelonephritis.
There was 110 children: 103 female (93.6) and 7 male (6.4). Mean age was 4.35 ­­­­­± 2.05. Frequency of recurrent UTI was 2.7 times. The most common symptom was dysuria (73%) and frequency (60%), abdominal pain (44%). Hematuria was seen in 60% 0f patients with recurrent UTI and hypercalciuria. Mean calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.87±0.32 that detected in 37.7% of children with recurrent UTI. Familial history of hypercalciuria was detected in 13.6% of patients. Microlithiasis was detected in 83.3% of children with recurrent UTI and hypercalciuria. Patients with hypercaluria received hydrochlrotiazid for 3- 18 months (mean 8.3±3.1 months).

The present study investigates the relationship between attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and the severity of symptoms in children with autistic spectrum disorder.
The study was conducted on 80 patients with autistic spectrum disorder visiting Child Psychiatric Clinic of Tehran Psychiatric Institute. The severity of autistic symptoms was measured by sensory profile questionnaire. The Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scales–Self Report: Screening Version (CAARS–S:SV) and CSI questionnaire were used to determine the severity of ADHD. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient through SPSS v.20.
Findings: There is a significant correlation between total scores of Sensory profile and its subscales and total scores of CAARS and CSI (r >.5, P There is a significant correlation between ADHD and severity of symptoms of autistic spectrum disorder. Both disorders can increase the severity of symptoms and exacerbate the patients’ recovery process.

Identifying main risk profile of candidiasis in children provides favorable condition to effectively deal with disease and to prevent its complications. The present study aimed to determine main risk factors for candida septicemia in children admitted to a referral center for infectious diseases in children.
This case-control study was performed on 48 consecutive children with positive blood culture for candida infection. A sex- and age-matched group including 52 children hospitalized without diagnosis of candidiasis was selected as the control. The baseline characteristics and clinical data of children were collected from the hospital files and recorded at the study checklists.
Findings: Regarding underlying disorders, the prevalence of pneumonia was significantly higher in the group with candida septicemia than in another group (20.0% versus 2.3%, p We could find simultaneous occurrence of pneumonia and prolonged stay in hospital as the main correlates of candida septicemia. About one-third of affected children with candidiasis die within hospitalization that is near to reported global range. Occurring candida septicemia leads to high rate of in-hospital mortality, but it may not be accompanied with prolonged hospital stay.

Nephrotic syndrome and type 1 diabetes mellitus are two common chronic conditions in children. Co-existence of these conditions is an extremely rare finding.
This report presents a 6-year-old boy who was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome five years ago and type 1 diabetes mellitus in infancy. Renal biopsy showed membranous glomerulonephritis, which is a rare histopathology underlying nephrotic syndrome in children.
Co-existence of nephrotic syndrome and type 1 diabetes mellitus may suggest a mutual immunological basis for both conditions.

Febrile convulsion (FC) is the most common seizure disorder in childhood period. Some studies have suggested association between seasons and occurrence of FC. This study was designed to determine demographic features, causes and seasonal variations in cases with FC.
In this descriptive, cross sectional study, 282 children 6- 60 months with FC were admitted to the Neurology ward of Ali-Asghar Children’s Hospital from 2009–2013.They were evaluated about age, gender, type (simple, complex), and recurrence of seizures, family history of FC and epilepsy, diseases and seasons on admission.
Findings: A total of 282 patients with diagnosis of FC were admitted to our center. Of these 282 patients, 175 (62%) were male. The mean (SD) age was 24.34±14.64 months. There were simple, complex, and recurrent FCs in 208 (74%), 74 (26%) and 58 (21%) of patients, respectively. Positive family history of FC was found in 83(29.5%) and epilepsy in 38(13.5%) of cases. The disease affected 212 (75%) of cases with respiratory and 70 (25%) of cases with non-respiratory manifestations. Most patients admitted in winter.
According to our findings, FCs have seasonal pattern associated with febrile respiratory events.