نشریه پرستاری ایران
پیاپی 112 (تیر 1397)

Interview is one of the most common tools among many social and human researches, which has been increasingly taken into account in recent years by expanding the quality and integrative approaches. An interview is usually a deliberate pre-designed conversation about a specific topic in which at least two person are involved. The person who devise the interview questions is the interviewer and the one who answers the questions is the interviewee. In order to collect data in qualitative researches, the type of interview will be different according to the number of those involved in the interview, the spatial and temporal conditions, the research objectives, and characteristics of interviewees,. One type of interviews is an electronic interview, which is an alternative to the traditional method. This method can be used, like others, to examine the attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and experiences of individuals in the study. These interviews can be done simultaneously and asynchronous. In the simultaneous method, the interviewer communicates with the interviewees simultaneously. Telephone conversations, webcam use, and chat on social networks are some examples. Asynchronous interviews are those that interviewer and interviewee take part in an interview at different times. Emails, online communities and Bulletin Boards or social network sites are examples of interviews that are asynchronous(1).
Accordingly, these interviews can be ranged from structured to unstructured. For example, the researcher may send a series of questions through e-mail to the participants, or another researcher may conduct a semi-structured interview on the Internet, but it should be noted that the electronic interview also has advantages and limitations.
The benefits of electronic interview include issues such as long-distance removal, interview with people who are difficult to access, interview in the normal place of work or living with regard to their convenience, cost-effectiveness, saving information easily and quickly, deleting the impact of the presence of the interviewer and the privacy of individuals, and their anonymity (e-mail), interviewing vulnerable groups such as those infected with HIV, criminals, etc. Limitations of electronic interview included the reduced attention and concentration of participants, inability to use technology, insufficient Internet access, the problem of verifying the participant's identity and the lack of access to non-verbal reactions(2,3).
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One of the important challenges of electronic interviews is ethical considerations, which include the risk of disclosure of participant's information and how to obtain consent for participation in the study. This is more likely when interviewees are children, adolescents or people with mental problems. Another example is the inappropriate use of power to examine people's activities through technology without their consent, which is called Lurking; it is considered to be a violation of human privacy. However, during an e-mail interview, participants can easily ignore the collaboration. For this reason, there are rules and a set of norms for the usage of Internet and social networks,called netiquette, which combines the two terms of network and etiquette that both the interviewee and the interviewer should be familiar with them(4). Regardless of ethical considerations, one of the challenges is data validity issues and findings which are gathered through asynchronous interviews. How can researchers be sure who the true participants are? How can they ensure that the electronic responses attributed to the respondent are answered by him/her?
So, researchers should consider the benefits and limitations before using the new method in the interview. Then, they should assess their appropriateness to their research and then decide whether to use this method or not. Therefore, it is suggested to use face-to-face interviewing methods, if possible, then use electronic methods when there is a problem of the presence of the participants or distance. From electronic methods, it is better to use simultaneous and video interviews to establish interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee; otherwise, asynchronous interviewing methods should be used, such as e-mail, which may also be associated with unreliability to data collection. Today, information technology has entered almost every area of research, and interviews that are abundantly used by qualitative researchers are no exception. As noted, this method has its own advantages and disadvantages, which is inevitable in some cases. The authors of this letter have no claim to replace this method with face-to-face interviews, but according to today's conditions and technological advances, it is suggested as a complementary method, so an electronic interview can only be one of the forms of interview along with other methods for data collection. Electronic interviews may not be the best way to collect data in any circumstances, but given the increasing use of technology in social processes, as well as education and research, we hope that electronic interview will be a valuable option in the qualitative research toolbox. We hope this letter will be the first step to fulfill this wish and provide useful insights for researchers who may conduct future electronic interviews.

Receiving safe care, based on the knowledge of the day and based on the superiority of the patient's benefits, is one of the fundamental rights of patients in the health system of all countries, including Iran. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of all research on the safety of pediatrics intensive care units throughout Iran. Using the documentation, reports and articles published in this context, the authors review the safety status of the pediatrics safety in intensive care units in Iran.
This study is a comprehensive overview study. In order to find relevant studies, a search was conducted through Persian language databases including Magiran, SID, and IranMedex; and also the English language databases, including Google Scholar, Medline, Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, using the Persian keywords "Pediatric Intensive Care Units and patient safety" without any time limitations.
Of the 61 papers obtained after a thorough review, 35 articles were selected. Regarding the research goal, ten articles were directly related to safety in the PICU section and were published in English and Farsi in domestic and foreign journals, and access to full text or summary of the article was provided in this study.
There are no accurate statistics on the safety of PICU sections in Iran. It seems that lack of awareness among nurses about safe delivery, high workload, inadequate safety culture in departments, and inappropriate policies in providing patients with safety are among the most important factors affecting children's inadequate child safety.

Professional identity is a form of social identity and an important outcome of nursing education programs. The formation of professional identity is the evolutionary process of maturity which begins before entering nursing and develops after graduation. Despite the importance of professional identity to the development of nursing, the barriers to its formation have not yet been identified. The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to the formation of professional identity among bachelor’s nursing students.
This was a qualitative conventional content analysis, in which 32 bachelor’s nursing students were recruited purposively from three universities of medical sciences located in Tehran, Iran. Unstructured interviews were conducted for data collection. The data were analyzed by the qualitative content analysis approach and through constant comparison analysis.
The educational purgatory was extracted from five sub-themes. The sub-themes included: compulsory choice and continuation of nursing, feeling of educational failure, contradiction between expectations and realities, stereotypical images of nurses, and low social status of nursing. These themes reflected the barriers to the formation of professional identity among bachelor’s nursing students.
The study findings suggest nursing students’ frustration and disinterest in nursing which have turned studying nursing into a purgatory for them. The findings of the present study can help nursing policy makers develop strategies for removing barriers to and facilitating nursing students’ professional identity formation.

Professional collaboration play an important role in workplace’ health in healthcare organizations. Improving this collaboration may effect on nursing job satisfaction. This study aimed to determine the correlation between nurse/manager professional collaborative behaviors ans nurses’ job satisfaction.
This descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016. The subjects were 106 nurses, head nurses, and supervisors worked in two hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences The convenince sampling was used. Data were collected using Stichler Collaborative Behavior Scale and Index of work satisfaction. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using Independent t-test, Pearson correlation, Kruskal wallis test, and ANOVA.
The mean score of nurses’s collaborative behavior and job satisfaction were 45.72 ± 1.07, and 158.68 ± 2.09, respectively. A significant association was found between nurse/manager professional collaborative behaviors and nurses’ job satisfaction (r=0.45, P The results of this study indicated that the mean score of collaborative behavior and job satisfaction was at the midpoint of expected score and there were association between these two variables. Therefore, it is recommended to promote the collaborative behaviors by holding workshops and training courses.

The recognition of professional values underlies a significant part of nurses’ professional performance. Given the fundamental role played by nurses in the health system, it is highly important to provide conditions for the development and perfection of these values. The aim of this study was to examine the professional and ethical values related to nursing care provision from the perspective of nurses working in the teaching hospitals affiliated with Gonabad University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 170 Nurses in educational hospitals of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by using a questionnaire containing demographic information and Shank and Weise’s Nursing Professional Values Scale-Revised (NPVS-R), which measured five aspects (caring, activism, professionalism, trust, and justice). Data were analyzed, using descriptive statistics and statistical tests, including t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation via SPSS version 20.
Among the components of nursing professional and ethical values, the highest mean score was related to “caring” at 3.96 ± 0.57 and the lowest mean score was related to “activism” at 3.63 ± 0.70. The total mean score of the questionnaire was 100.01 ± 14.05. The aspects of the professional and ethical values were prioritized from the nurses’ perspective as caring, justice, trust, professionalism, and activism, respectively.
The results show that nurses consider those nursing values important which are directly related to their job. Therefore, understanding the importance of certain aspects of the professional and ethical values which are related to the nurses’ indirect tasks requires further support, and it is necessary to teach all of the aspects of professional and ethical values during nursing education.

Satisfaction with life in the aged care home is crucial because living in the aged care home affects all aspects of the resident’s life. Identifying the factors affecting the satisfaction of the older people can be the basis for strategic planning to facilitate their life in the aged care home. So, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explain the factors affecting the resident's satisfaction with life in the aged care home.
This qualitative content analysis study was conducted in eight aged care home located in two provinces in Iran from Jan. 2015 to May 2017. The study participants included 17 people living in aged care homes and three formal caregivers who were selected using purposive sampling and were interviewed through the semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed through conventional content analysis by using the MAXQDA software.
Results showed that residents are not satisfied with living in the aged care home. Moreover, 8 subcategories were identified as effective factors in resident's satisfaction: Communication deprivation, monotone life, lack of attention to individual needs, lack of independence, care needs, nutritional problems, lack of amenities, and financial concerns. These subcategories were classified into two main categories of human factors and environmental factors.
The dissatisfaction experienced by Iranian older people in aged care home reflects the need for a review of Iranian aged care services. Designing family-based care, paying attention to the needs of the elderly, developing psychological counseling, and improving physical and staff structures can be helpful in this regard.

Nurses, who are considered to be the largest group of professional health care providers, face the challenge of maintaining, promoting, and providing quality nursing care. Among the factors affecting nursing performance, self-efficacy has been expected to have the greatest influence. However, the perception of caring self- efficacy was not considered in pediatric wards nurses and no research has been done in this field in Iran. This study was conducted to survey the perception of caring self-efficacy by pediatric wards nurses.
In this descriptive-analytic study in 2015, 348 nurses, working in pediatric wards in Isfahan, Shahr-e Kord, Shiraz, BaghMalek and Izeh, were selected through simple sampling. The data were collected using pediatric caring self-efficacy instrument which was developed during an Instrument-making process by researchers. The concurrent validity of this tool was measured with Sherer's general self-efficacy questionnaire (r = 0.72); Cronbach’s alpha correlation coefficient was measured at 0.96; and the consistency of this instrument was measured at 0.97. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive and analytical statistics, with SPSS v.18.
The results of this study showed that pediatric nurses have a good caring self-efficacy perception. According to the results, factors such as gender, nurses 'interest in working in the children wards, and also nurse's satisfaction had a significant correlation with average score caring self-efficacy (P This study can determine issues and topics to increase pediatric nurses’ caring self- efficacy perception and can be used as a guide for designing training courses for nurses in children's departments.

Domestic violence is an annoying and undeniable fact in today’s world. This study aimed to investigate the intergenerational transmission of violence from the family-of-origin to the current family in women who referred to the court.
Material & This was a correlational study. The research population comprised of 283 women who referred to the family courts, the forensic medicine center and dispute resolution councils in Shiraz in 2014. Participants were selected by the convenience sampling method and responded to two questionnaires of violence against women and family-of-origin violence. Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data through the SPSS software version 19.
Data analysis showed a significant direct correlation between violence in the family-of-origin and violence in the current family (P>0.01), physical violence in the family-of-origin and physical violence in current family (P>0.01), psychological violence in the family-of-origin and psychological violence in current family (P>0.01), economic violence in the family-of-origin and economic violence in current family (P>0.01). In addition, violence in the family-of-origin was a predictor of violence in current family (P According to the findings of the research, it can be said that there is a significant direct relationship between violence in the family-of-origin and violence in the current family, and witnessing violence in the family-of-origin is associated with an increased risk of spouse violence victimization in the family of destination