پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 55، تابستان 1397)

Stripping is one of the asphalt surface distresses that is caused by moisture or by moisture have been intensifying. Stripping cause other distresses damage such a structural cracking and fatigue. Most common methods is coring and destructive test. The ratio of indirect tensile stress saturated to dry is one of them. But these tests are destructive and it takes time and money .In addition that test is suitable for points you core in asphalt surface and we can’t evaluate this method for widespread paving. Nowadays Ground penetration radar it helps pavement engineering to evaluate continuous and non-destructive test. In this research we have compared dried and conditioned of Bulk Specific Gravity test with TSR .we found Related between ITS and Bulk Specific Gravity with diagrams then, we compare the result of GPR surveys dielectric with destructive test .It has significantly related between The ratio of indirect tensile stress saturated to dry and bulk gravity and dielectric constant .when moisture damage occur, air void percentage goes up and dielectric constant decrease.

Pavements are considered as national heritage of every country, and each year a major part of an organizations budget is spent on repairing, upgrading and maintaining them. Providing adequate funding for this purpose is a challenge which managers and decision-makers are facing with. On the other hand, many years are that rutting as one of the most common types of damages created in this type of pavements. These damages are created over time and due to the accumulation of small permanent deformation which is caused by each load. An increase in permanent deformation that leads to an increase in the depth of groove can cause serious problems in the pavement. Thus, estimating the potential of rutting in the asphalt mixtures in laboratory gets a special significance. In this research, by identifying experiences and research methods of the world and after investigating current situation our country, in addition to determining direct influential parameters, a suitable model for estimating the depth of the groove in asphalt will be presented. The proposed model determining the rutting depth of Hot Mix Asphalt by using dynamic creep test results. Model validation is verified by using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

Increasing traffic volume and creating traffic nodes in interurban and urban traffic networks will reduce the efficiency of the traffic network and the desired routes. Anticipating and discovering these traffic nodes as soon as possible can help solve the problem and streamline traffic flow. Artificial neural networks have shown that they are able to perform very well on their own learning capabilities. The main objective of this research is to predict and automatically detect traffic nodes using the intelligent neural network model and compare the model's performance with other models. By using educational data, the artificial neural network can be trained so that it can detect the desired output and perform predictive prediction on target data. The research method is to predict the network architecture from three input parameters and one output parameter. In this research, three types of artificial neural networks are used to predict and automatically detect traffic nodes. The data used in this research is the actual information of the traffic control center of Tehran-Karaj Freeway on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. Initially, the multilayer perceptron of artificial neural network was used, and another neural network used in this research was neuro-fuzzy network and eventually the neural network of the radial-based function was used to examine the success of the two previous networks. Based on the results, the efficiency and accuracy of different models based on the best and most comprehensive set of evaluation indicators were used to evaluate the performance of each of the models as well as to compare their efficiency with each other. Finally, the perceptron model was introduced with optimal efficiency. Comparison of the results of the traffic flow predicted values ​​with the measured values ​​in reality shows that the proposed model satisfies the traffic flow satisfactorily.

The aim of this study is to investigate how to inspect Iran's foreign trade in crude oil and its products and solutions for the industry. So, in order to answering this question that whether the inspections (based on criteria and standards, national and international) and the development of international trade and business between the partners also gain a significant impact? The research method was correlation descriptive field method. Among managers and professionals specializing in inspection companies, oil and oil products, 50 persons were chosen as samples available. In this study the questionnaire was used to assess the variables of this research. For data analysis Pearson's correlation coefficient with significant level (>P0.01) was used. Results showed that the inspection (criteria and standards based on national and international) and the development and improvement of international trade, the increase credit and trade partners, there is a significant relationship between partners in the country.

In order to construct new durable pavements, it is necessary to have the ability to predict the performance of hot mixed asphalt concrete (HMAC) when selecting appropriate asphalt binder. Common system of bitumen nomenclature has based on penetration. In spite of classical assortment of asphalt binder, Super Pave performance grading (PG) specifications was developed to relate bitumen properties to field performance and allow the selection of appropriate bitumen for a specific climatic condition. Theoretically and directly bitumen properties according on super pave are based on efficiency and nowadays it used to a current system in many developed country. For these reasons, it is necessary to predict the field performance of asphalt mixes when selecting the bitumen (pure or modified). Therefore, in this study, 96 weather stations all over Iran were identified and selected for use in this research as having the most extensive set of data. High and low temperature of pavement is calculated according to the 96 available synoptic data of the past 20 years for Iran to determine suitable asphalt binder by using Super pave testing protocol (ASTM D6373). In order to achieve this purpose, we calculated minimum and maximum pavement temperature with consideration of 98% reliability. PGXXYY was calculated by using these two parameters for each city and Geographical zoning is made by GIS software use of Straight line method. the result shows bitumen produced in Iran is satisfactory (for climatic condition) on majority roads (covered 90 percent of result) and for retained PG, Polymers and some other additives can successfully improve the performance of asphalt pavements at low, intermediate and high temperature by increasing mixture resistance to fatigue cracking, thermal cracking and permanent deformation.

Low volume local rural roads in Iran constitute 83 percent of countries’ roads network which have high initial construction and maintenance costs. Due to the specific topographic situation and low traffic volume (less than 400 vehicles per hour), most of these rural local roads do not need two lanes with the usual needed roadway width. Instead with a one lane two way specifications equipped with turnouts in determined spacing, these roads could have commensurate performance with their specific movement that also have acceptable traffic attributes. The most remarkable factor in these roads is minimizing the cars’ delays due to their stoppage in turnouts. For modeling one lane two ways roads equipped with intelligent transportation systems, computer simulation for modeling this type of road and performing related movement regulations have been used in this research. With the output results of the simulation process, regression model of turnouts spacing have been developed and the models’ parameters were statistically tested. Minimum delay for maximum road capacity with respect to determined values of turnouts spacing, total road length, permissible speed and turnouts capacity was calculated. In all different designated situations, minimum delay for maximum road capacity with respect to Poisson distribution of arrived vehicles number to the left and right origin in equal time intervals was 8 minutes. According to the results of this research increasing the turnouts spacing for one kilometer can reduce delay time for about 12 minutes.

Provision of a prioritization algorithm for maintenance and repair of railways in Iran has been targeted to optimize and update short and long term plans for rail maintenance operations in this research. In this article, the current conditions of the railway in Iran were studied and international studies were conducted to develop a prioritization algorithm. Consequently, the method of designing and developing the necessary models to provide a priority algorithm for maintenance of tracks based on the geometry of the route with the aim of achieving the required safety level of the passenger travel comfort in the current track maintenance methods was presented. The benefits of the new maintenance approach are illustrated by the use of evaluating its outputs with the current approach. The new maintenance algorithm ensures not only the safety of the route, but also the level of comfort needed for the traveler. The results indicate the applicability and feasibility of using the proposed model or algorithm in providing a priority program and planning for the maintenance of the railway.

Pedestrian errors are found in 59% of the vehicle to-pedestrian accidents. The traffic crash statistics show the importance of understanding factors of pedestrians’ error. Pedestrians’ red-light violation is a type of highly dangerous behavior occurring at intersections. A total of 1130 pedestrians approaching the intersections during red light periods were obtained from careful review of the videotapes in 6 intersections at Tehran, Iran. A logit model is developed to identify the probability and effect of various covariates for pedestrians’ immediate crossing behavior. The estimated parameters of the logit model in predicting the immediate crossing behavior were determined, and the significant parameters were identified. The results indicate that the immediate crossing was significantly affected by Survey location (South, center or north of the city), Gender, Crosswalk length, temperature range, traffic volume and the number of other pedestrians who are waiting for the green light and who are crossing against red light when the pedestrian arrives at the intersection, but Influence of Survey time (Peak or Off-peak) and age are not significant.

The development and use of roller concrete is growing in Iran. Considering the low cost of manufacturing and long life of this pavement, it is necessary to have a durable and resistant to load. Resistance characteristics and stone materials type are amongst the most effective factors in compacted concrete pavement's resistance to load. Stone materials are the most important factor in abrasive strength as they constitute more than 85% of roller compacted concrete pavement. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of stone material on this pavement strength. In order to investigate the material, one control stone material and four different stones obtained from debris of Choghart mine and other mines were used. The material of the aggregate used in this research includes lime stone, dolomite, calcite amphibolites, and quartz albeit. At first, in order to determine the quality of aggregate in the stone mechanical tests, including compressive strength and tensile strength, tests were done on stone materials, and then roller compacted concrete specimens were made using soil density method with grading presented code 731 and the maximum nominal size of 19 mm in order to determine the optimal moisture content. After that, the concrete specimens with optimal moisture were made in the cylinder form using density method. Compressive strength and tensile strength tests were done on hardened concrete specimens. Using quarts aggregate in this research caused compressive strength to improve by 20%. On the other hand, results showed that concrete tensile strength does not depend on aggregate material.

The present study was a descriptive-analytic research that was conducted on the role of heavy vehicle's sleep quality and sleep quantity in Drowsiness accidents which occurred in the Mehriz-Anar rural highway in Yazd province. In this research, heavy vehicle driver's sleep quality in long distances was considered. The current study data and statistics have been collected through questionnaires completed by heavy vehicle drivers. This information was analyzed by using SPSS-24 software and effective strategies were proposed to improve the driver's sleep quality in order to reduce the incidences and the damages caused by drowsiness. In this study, the linear regression analysis of the sleep quality and the sleep duration was evaluated and the results were presented. The results of this study showed that although many of the authoritie's efforts to oppose driver's fatigue and sleep deprivation in accordance with sleep duration sleep quality has the more effective role in the driver's fatigue and their drowsiness crashes. And now it is considered as the most important factor affecting the safe operation of drivers.

Resistive economy requires minor and major policy makings based on optimum use of native and local capacities without putting pressure on people. Also Crisis management is not an exception; because it accompanies with the turmoil of social and economic situation and is necessary to rely on native and local capacities to recover from crisis to before crisis stasis situation as soon as possible. In spite of the numerous threats in the area of natural disasters and Iran's exposure to the 10 most blazing countries in the world, there is no model for Relief Logistics reversing the normal conditions of an earthquake, especially based on the conditions of the resistance economy. To this end, the focus on the key factors of success in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of crisis management and prioritizing them in order to optimize the allocation of resources is of particular importance. In order to achieve this goal, based on resilient economy policies and based on decision makers and decision makers, system dynamics in the field of system analysis has been used to provide a model for returning to the post-earthquake stability period in order to empower people. And the reversibility of indigenous and local capacities is pursued. The results of this research showed that in the event of an earthquake with an intensity of 8 mercurial in Ardebil If the rescue logistics management has a coherent and scientific system, it can reduce losses and costs of earthquake and help to manage crisis successfully by utilizing the existing facilities of region and with a little aid from adjuvant provinces and other townships of province.

In this research, the effects of vertical, horizontal and lateral loads of traffic on the shear stress at the interact of surface and base layer, longitudinal and lateral displacement and the maximum tensile strain at the top of surface layer have been investigated. Three different loading conditions, including only vertical, vertical and horizontal, and vertical, horizontal and lateral, simultaneously, have been investigated. The horizontal and lateral loads were considered to be 50% and 20% of the vertical load, respectively. The loads were applied on two different tire configurations, including dual tires and wide-base tire, with a constant axle load of 82kN and tire pressure of 600kPa, at two temperatures of 20 and 40°C. The analysis was conducted using 3D finite element modeling in ABAQUS. The results show that the horizontal loading has a significant effect on the tensile strain at the surface, shear stress at the interface and the horizontal and lateral displacements, such that, for example, at 20°C, the maximum horizontal strain on the surface, shear stress at the interface, horizontal and lateral displacements under dual tires with vertical and horizontal load, are 76, 286, 329 and 15.5% higher than those under only vertical load. Results also show that the wide-base tire has more detrimental effect than the dual-tire, such that, the maximum horizontal strain at the surface, shear stress at the interface, horizontal and lateral displacements under the wide-base tire with vertical, horizontal and lateral load at 40°C are, respectively, 1.53, 2.43, 1.7 and 1.8 times higher than those under dual tire. The results also reveal that applying lateral load does not significantly affect the responses, except the lateral displacement. Also, while the shear stress at the interface is not significantly affected by temperature, the horizontal strain at the surface and the displacements increases significantly with increasing temperature.

A good business model will thrive on the prosperity and development of the organization and, in contrast an inefficient business model, will quickly leave the company out of competition. Since the country's vision document, has drawn the realization of 50 million passenger's movement annually for the rail network, it needs that the business environment be improved to create attractiveness compared with road transportation. Accordingly, the business model needs to be redesigned, and this requires the extraction of the dimensions and components of the business model. The purpose of this paper is to extract the components and dimensions of the business model of passenger rail companies as well as the interaction among its dimensions. For this, after literature review, 16 general and special interviews were held with the experts. Then by using content analysis method, coding (Open and axial but not selective) was done and 124 components were extracted for the business model of the passenger rail Companies. By examining the literature, and considering the components extracted in this survey; 10 dimensions were selected to cover all the components. Due to the high number of components, two round Delphi test were performed. Then using 7 other experts and using the Structural Interpretation Modeling (ISM) method, an interactive model was obtained for the various dimensions.

Due to various changes in Gasoline and petroleum consumption, it is difficult to model it with conventional methods. This paper illustrates an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach based on supervised multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network for the electrical consumption forecasting. The objective of this study is to propose prediction models of Gasoline and petroleum, using ANN based on social-economic indicators In Iran. The study develops a feed-forward neural network models, using social-economic indicators to make more accurate predict of the energy consumption and correct investments in Iran. In this study, two different models for each energy carrier demand were used in order to train the ANN. In order to train the neural network, economic and energy data for last 44 years between years 1347 and 1390 (1969-2012) are used in network for all models. The aim of used different models is to demonstrate the effect of economic indicators on the estimation of energy carrier demand. The proposed approach can be useful in the effective implementation of energy policies, since accurate predictions of energy consumption affect the capital investment, the environmental quality, the revenue analysis, the market research management, while conserve at the same time the supply security.

This study investigates the freight rate volatility and the transfer of volatility to ship sale and purchase market. New-build and second-hand vessels are traded as capital goods; however, since the cost of maintaining a ship is very high, the shipping rate is the most important factor affecting ship's price. Therefore, market agents should have a proper understanding of the freight rate volatility and its impact on ship prices. To address this issue, the GARCH volatility model is used to explore the existence of volatility factors among ship markets, these markets are sale and purchase and the freight fare market. Based on the evaluation of the loss-making functions of the BEKK GARCH model, which considers the distribution of disruptive t-student, a more accurate estimate has been given to obtain a volatility transfer factor among the above markets.
The results show that freight market volatility in exist in VLCC and Suezmax markets based on the sales price index, but the mechanism of volatility is different among different types of ships. The two-way effect of the volatility transition has been observed in all markets, which shows that the lagged variance can affect the current variance in a similar market regardless of the transmission of volatility. A simple ratio is provided to guide investors optimize their cargo allocation. The findings of this paper can provide a good understanding of investment in these markets.

Environmental issues of production of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and efforts to preserve natural mines are among the main factors for the use of RAP. Besides, the characteristics of RAP can improve some of the properties of asphalt mixtures. Since these materials are produced during the maintenance and rehabilitation projects, it is better to be consumed in the same operation. One of the best methods of pavement maintenance is the use of micro surfacing operation as a surface treatment. Therefore, the use of RAP in the micro surfacing mixture can enhance the application of this method. In this study, first, the feasibility of using almost 100% (95%) RAP instead of virgin aggregate, according to micro surfacing preliminary mix design tests was studied. Then, the values of 69% and 43% RAP content were also evaluated to determine the preferred RAP content and to better analysis of the results. The results showed successful preliminary design of micro surfacing mixture with RAP aggregate and met the criteria of the regulations.
RAP containing samples needed a little more bitumen than those containing virgin aggregates, to obtain sufficient cohesion within the specified time. Nevertheless, samples containing more RAP values would require lower amounts of additive to increase the mixing time and workability, which could reduce the cost of material preparation. Also, RAP aggregate coating prevented the stripping of these materials in the vicinity of water. Among the RAP containing samples, those containing 69% RAP exhibited a better performance.

The automatic evaluation of pavement condition is an important and emerging area for pavement management systems (PMS). In most of the pattern recognition methods, thresholding is used to automate the processing. In this paper, a new method is proposed to determine an effective threshold for evaluation of pavement cracking. In the proposed method, three-dimensional Radon transform data has been used to investigate cracking. Also, based on fuzzy theory, a flexible new method is presented based on image data. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method, a general comparison between the fixed threshold and specific filtering method has been performed. The proposed method was evaluated on a set of image. The results indicate that the proposed method shows better performance than other existing methods in terms of speed, accuracy, and comprehensiveness. This method can be used to determine the type, severity, extent, and general evaluation of pavement cracking behavior in automated analysis.

Door Control Unit (DCU) is one of the control equipment’s in Platform Screen Door (PSD) system which it’s safe operation have an important role in passenger safety on platform and Prevention of train delay in station. Maximum failure rate in doors control system is for DCU, so its failure analysis and reliability evaluation have special importance. In this article, DCU components for PSD system determined according to Tehran metro, firstly. Then Probable failures in DCU components reviewed by Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) and applied necessary reforms. In next step, the block diagram structure for DCU offered by using selected components and failure analysis results. Finally, reliability by Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) and Safety Integrity Level (SIL) according to IEC61508 standard is calculated for circuit safety evaluation which leads to SIL3.

Recycling waste materials into the roller compacted concrete mixes improves their performance and has been attracted grate attentions recently; in this regard using RAP has been increasingly developed. Since it contains 3 to 4 percent asphalt binder which is valuable as waste material; gained grate demands in road construction as partial replacement of aggregate. The previous researches on manipulating RAP in concrete pavements revealed noticeable decrease in compressive and flexural strength of concrete. However there are not enough investigation in this part and it seems that there is an urgent need for extended research in this area. In this study the influence of utilizing RAP in concrete mixtures on toughness behavior of mixtures has been elaborated. Ignoring the type of waste materials which could be influential itself, the effect of gradation and RAP content (0, 25, 50, 100%) in RCC mix design is considered. Finally 32 different RCC mix design with different RAP and cement (250,300,350,400 kg/m3) content with 2 different gradations were developed. The effect of various parameters on mechanical properties of RCC such as flexural and compressive strength and toughness index of mixes were noticed.

Today, one of the important criteria in projects is its compatibility with the environment and its economics. The quality of materials and materials in the pavement is of great importance in its design as well as the functional characteristics of the roads. In cases where the material is not available or is far away from the workshop, the feasibility of using the available materials is necessary. This reduces transport costs as well as the use of materials that seem redundant in some cases. If it is possible to maintain quality or improve it, instead of using natural materials from recycled materials, it will be a step towards the improvement of the environment and economics. In this research, various percentages of construction waste and recycled crushed aggregate in asphalt mixtures are used. Indirect tensile strength, resilient and shear modulus experiments were carried out on samples containing various percentages of construction waste and recycled crushed concrete in asphalt mixtures on the samples. The results of using different percentages of debris in asphalt mixtures show that the indirect tensile strength ratio is reduced compared to the control sample and the modulus of shear strength and roughness increase. The maximum amount of asphalt mixing and grooving modulus is 20% of the construction waste. The results of using different percentages of construction waste in asphalt mixtures show that the ratio of indirect tensile strength and tensile strength versus the control sample is improved and the modulus of resurfacing is reduced. The highest ratio of indirect tensile strength and shear strength is in the asphaltic mixture containing 50% and 75% recycled crushed aggregate, respectively.

Deciding whether to purchasing or leasing machinery and equipment is one of the most important decisions making in management of the roads construction project. In this paper, a new model has been designed and used for estimating the cost of one ton of asphalt in the state of purchase of asphalt plant, and compare it with the cost of one ton of asphalt in the state of lease. The cost of producing each tone of asphalt in the state of lease is a specified and deterministic cost and it is part of the decision-making process in terms of certainty, while that the cost of ownership and operation in the purchase terms are uncertain and variable. Therefore, in this paper, decision making methods in terms of uncertainty (risk) and expected value has been used for calculate purchasing costs. According to the results in each project, depending on the amount of asphalt required, there is a break-even point that for values less than this point, the rent will be economic and for more values than this point, the purchase will be economic.

Selecting a suitable tunnel boring machine is one of the most important issues in mechanized tunneling in urban environments. Factors such as geological and geotechnical conditions of the tunnel route, groundwater condition, costs, technical and environmental factors are important factors affecting the selection of TBM in urban tunnels. The Motevaselian tunnel with a length about 10 km is located along the Sayyad Highway from the north of the Sepah Sq. to Azadegan highway. Due to the north-south direction of the tunnel route, in terms of geological and geological conditions, there are a wide variety of geological units. According to the geological conditions, the tunnel route is divided into three parts: north, middle and south, which have different conditions for TBM selection. This has caused some complexities in the choice of TBM type. In this paper, it is tried to investigate geological and geotechnical conditions and also consider other factors affecting the operation of tunneling machines and then to propose the most suitable TBM for tunneling based on the methods and guidelines for selection of the machine. Therefore, using multivariate decision making criteria, analyzes in different scenarios were performed. For the whole tunnel route, in addition to the geotechnical aspects, regarding the cost factor and environmental-technical factors, EPB machine was selected slightly well than Slurry machine.