نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 31 (تیر 1397)

Patriarchy has certain theoretical foundations in the thought of classical and modern theorists such as Plato, Machiavell, Thomas Hobbes and Hegel, which can be expressed by the conditions of traditional societies. Additionally, Arab patriarchy by benefiting from the historical and social traditions of Arab societies such as "Tribe, Belief, Trophy" has evolved as the strongest channel for transferring and preserving the power in these societies. Arab patriarchy by gaining a vast amount of wealth from oil has succeeded in the repetition of the belief in trophy in the tribal stratification of these societies, which is their largest social structure. Meanwhile, it has also succeeded in creating the idea of patriarchy in an Arab individual’s mentality through cultural reproduction. Moreover, it has taken action in forging and reversal of patriarchy upon encountering globalization or any impulses like that which could be effective in shaking the basis of patriarchy, by using and producing welfare technocracy and increasing welfare in eliminating the state of individual’s subjectivity, pre-purchasing the goods and community’s political demand.

Beside the legal effects of the registration system, the impact of the proper implementation of the registration rules in creating security and economic welfare and the possibility of accurate economic planning by the governments is very important. The security and social welfare in all its dimensions, including economics, have been desired and demanded by the human society, for which governments have always taken steps to achieve them by establishing appropriate legal entities. One of the facilities used by governments to create security in the community, especially legal, financial, economic and social, is real estate registration entities. Property registration and issuing ownership document lead to stabilizing the ownership and security in the capital. The registration rules have led to the maintaining people’s ownership right as well as a reduction in legal claims in this regard. Moreover, the registration rules have made a limitation on the property. Of course, such registration method of real estate in the country has also some problems, that in case of solving them, we can hope a corrected method. One of the solutions, at the beginning, is creating a team of different experts in order to address the problems encountered in the registration rules aimed at emphasizing the amendment of the registration maps at the national, provincial and regional levels. On the other hand, creating a centralized registration plan will be also beneficial in this regard.

The judicial authorities, as the executive arm of the judiciary, play an important and significant role in achieving the criminal justice and an even closer approach to the effective and desirable criminal justice system. Based on this fact, in order to systematize and legal control combined with the authority of the criminal law and other regulations, various criminal systems have made extensive efforts to determine the status of the cases as well as the limits of the authority of the judiciary. According to Article 28 of the Criminal law, approved in 2013, judicial authorities are officers, who take action in detecting crime, preserving signs, collecting evidence of crime, recognizing accused people and preventing them from escaping and hiding, preliminary investigations, issuing bonds and the execution of judicial decisions according to this law under the supervision of the prosecutor. The aim of this research is to provide a full explanation of the legal duties and authorities of law in Iran for judicial authorities, especially the judiciary, as well as the impact of the activities in protection of the public and the citizenship rights of the accused ones and a source in this regard so that the basic concepts and rights of the defendants to the judiciary were introduced to the readers.

The US missile strike in Syria has raised various reactions internationally. US allies supported the attack. The opposition, however, has declared it to be contrary to the explicit principles of the United Nations Charter of International Law. The present study surveys how the US missile attack on Syria can be assessed in international law. Is the attack legitimate in international law? If it is legitimate, based on what theory is justifiable, and if it is not legitimate, what are the principles of international law? This article by the descriptive- analytical method, while mentioning the principles of non-intervention in state governance and not using the force, explains the latest developments in Humanitarian intervention in the form of Responsibility to protect theory, and surveys the legitimacy of the US missile strike against Syria in terms of these two theories. The results of the study indicate that the US missile strike in Syria is an explicit violation of the principle of non-intervention in the affairs of other countries and the principle of not using the force. On the other hand, this action is justifiable in terms of neither Humanitarian intervention theory nor the Responsibility to protect theory; because interventions based on the two mentioned theories require the permission of the Security Council that the US government did not have it.

In today's world, international sanctions are being proposed as a means of imposing pressure on countries through the international community, the aims of which are changing and adjusting the policy and nature of the target countries. Often not only the policy of sanctioned governments does not change, but the main pressure of the sanctions in many cases violate the human rights as well as its rules and increase people’s torture. This important issue is mostly considered when sanctions are imposed by the world's powers as well as United Nations, in particular. One of the most important types of sanctions in this process is international economic sanctions, which although in some cases is assumed essential in maintaining the international peace and security and is used as an instrument for preventing the aggression the ultimate goal of which is to change and modify the behavior of target countries. But what is certain is that sanctions always come with unwanted effects that, without any distinction or separation, harm the vulnerable groups of countries and violate human rights. Regarding the economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations and also the situation of the human rights, it should be noted that although the mechanism of imposing sanctions to some extents may contribute to the realization of the goals of the United Nations, actually the human rights expenditure made on the population on one hand, and the demolished popularity of the powers imposing sanctions, on the other hand, are far more abusive than the benefits of these measures.

Wars and their consequences impose the deepest effects on children. Children who have not played any role in the creation of the conflicts, and as a result, they have played no role in laying down the laws of the war and their demands as well. Apart from the widespread and ominous consequences of the war, the atrocious use of children in war is one of its most disastrous consequences. It's very effortless to abuse children because of their childish spirits and immaturity. Children are the main victims of wars. They are suddenly moved to the middle of war and armed conflict which has no relation to their childhood. Today, one of the basic challenges in the area of international law, especially humanitarian law, is the increasing use of children as soldiers in international as well as internal armed conflicts. Despite the fact that the International Humanitarian Law and human rights system, with a focus on the prohibition of the recruitment and use of children in armed conflicts, contains abundant international regulations, the international community continues to witness the ever-increasing mandatory and even voluntary presence of child soldiers in contemporary armed conflicts.

Among the issue most widely discussed in today's society and dialogue is the question of women's rights. women's rights are human rights issues that all different cultures or different societies are involved with this issue. According to the process of thinking about women's rights in society certainly, there will be different attitudes in this area between people, because people's awareness of the rights of women often pushes mind toward democracy of the human rather than masculinity or femininity. By examining this issue From the perspective of the legal system of Islam and the West, the legal basis for women's rights based on human dignity can be realized which Western human rights worldwide has now turned its attention to it, However before the appearance of human rights, Western society follows this attitude on the basis of thinking to the ideas of feminism. Now with this comparative comparison we will realize that from fourteen centuries ago Islam puts its attention to the basis of human dignity for women's rights.

The issue of the local government has been one of the paradigms governing the area of administrating the public affairs. The major characteristic of the local government in each country is the administration of public affairs and transferring it to the local units. On the one hand, the relationship between decentralization and the local government is giving the legal entity of public law to local units, so that they are freely governed and have the authority to make administrative and executive decisions, and, on the other hand, the administration of local affairs by local governments need to delegate some part of governmental authorities to these units. Therefore, it is imperative to place the accurate relation between the local government and the decentralization under scrutiny, in order to reach a correct perception of the local government as the main manifestation of decentralization. In this regard, local governments are administrated by a central government and are controlled and supervised by central organizations, moreover, certain legal constraints are actually considered for them. In Islamic Republic of Iran by the implementation of the law of the councils, the possibility of administering local affairs has been made by the local institutions such as municipalities and councils. Although, in Article VI of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, local entities are the pillars of the decision-making and administration of the country, they must obey the rule of law and central government as per the upcoming constitution.

Student scientific unions are groups that volunteer to conduct academic activities; students come together for scientific and specialized purposes and through their activities in scientific unions, while promoting and deepening the field of science in universities, they pave the way for their progress. As per the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, known associations and unions can freely act, provided that they do not violate the principles of independence, liberty, national unity, Islamic norms and principles of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, no one is prevented from or forced to participate in one of them. By such an introduction, the activities of these associations in some cases are accompanied by the presence of some foreign students who have been able to study at universities of the country and the level of their activities depends on the university's status and policies. In some cases it has consequences for the politic, security, economic, culture and even geographic and morphologic aspects of the population. Particularly, the adverse effects of their presence on the vital factors of the country will be far greater in some cases. This makes the government and the higher legislator to apply restrictions on the rights of foreigners in order to prevent these negative consequences and preserve the political, economic, and social interests of the country as well as the citizens. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, studies the position of the Foreign Students’ Union in Iran. Based on the results at the Foreign Student's Union is not usually supervised by a particular institution or organization, whereas, acts like an independent organization that as an example we can only refer to the Islamic Association of Students of Afghanistan in Iran, founded in 1992.

Today, corruption and combating it are considered as a major issue in many countries around the world. The main causes of economic corruption in the public sector relate to government tenures in the economy, including trade restrictions, industrial subsidies, price control, multiple exchange rates, low wages in public and commercial services, and reserving natural resources like oil. Economic corruption reduces investment and slows the economic growth down and ultimately leads to not achieving the goals of economic development in the country. Tax revenues are reduced and the quality of economic infrastructure and public services decreases. By reforming the structure of the law, it will be possible to modify the balance between the benefits and the losses caused by financial corruption-based behavior. However, the country's legislature encounters challenges that prevent its effective functioning. This paper surveys the challenges that the legislature is faced in combating economic corruption.