نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 45، تابستان 1397)

Release of several types of pollutants to the environment and implementation of ever strict environmental rules and the inability of traditional treatment methods to completely eliminate or reduce the pollutants to a standards level lead to study and develop of new treatment processes such as the electron beams. The electron beams irradiation to water and wastewater resulting generation of reducing and oxidizing species (OH•, H•, e-aq) that react quickly and non-selectively with contaminants in the water and wastewater and then decompotion them. In this paper, the history of using of electron beam and its applications in environmental pollution control in various scales, electron accelerators as electron beams production tools, reactors used for irradiation, Factors affecting the efficiency of this method, electron beams systems and advantages and disadvantages of electron beams is presented. Due to the strengths of this method than conventional methods and also lower costs and better performance, especially in the field of disinfection, sewage, sludge and color removal of wastewater industries, in the near future, is not far from the mind to be introduced as one of the key technologies in protecting the environment.

One of the serious issues in recent years, the role of sulfur and its various combinations like sulfate as part of pollutants in output waste. Given that today, the use of nano substances for treatment of environment pollutants is highly under attention. The purpose of this study is to use of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) under UV irradiation for sulfate removal.
The experiments were conducted in batch system and the effect of pH, the amount of nanoparticles, contact time and the initial concentration of sulfate under UV irradiation (8w) were examined. The most common isotherms and kinetics of adsorption were applied to analyze sulfate removal and the reaction rate.
According to the results, the maximum efficiency of sulfate adsorption was 77.92% which was obtained in pH of 7 and contact time of 90 minutes and 2 g/L of nano substances. Data for this study indicated a good correspondence with isotherms of Longmire. The analysis of kinetic indicated that nitrate removal is consistent with the second-degree kinetic adsorption model.
Finally, it should be noted that the process of photocatalytic magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and ultraviolet (UV - C) could lead to a significant reduction in emissions of sulfate from sewage.

Biological control is a suitable substitute technique for chemical battle with pests. Enthomopathogenic fungus Beauveria spp. attacks its target host by penetrating into cuticle through secretion of hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinases. Chitinases are capable of hydrolyzing chitins with many other applications in biocontrol, sea bioremediation, and development of biopesticides, pharmaceuticals. In this research, chitinase enzyme activities from Beauveria bassiana fungus, cultured in 3 culture media, were measured through a colorimetric assay. A native isolate with high mortality rate isolated and identified from Minoodasht. The highest chitinase activity was achieved at day 3 when incubated at 50 ˚C in Pontecorvo medium containing 0.75% colloidal chitin (pH = 7). Our results might be useful for higher production of chitinase that can be implemented in biological control and further elevate human health and environmental biosafety.

The subject of heat budget has always been one of the most important causes of physical studying of the oceans, the seas and the lakes. The purpose of this article is to determine the variation of each effective parameter in the heat balance of Uremieh lake. Heat balance can play an important role in the physics, meteorology and water movement of Uremieh lake. in this article, each heat budget term equation, by means of empirical relations and satellite measured information such as (water and weather temperature, cloud cover, wind speed, relative humidity, and the pressure of solar radiation of filled steam) has calculated and its measures (Qsw=8183.42 & QLw=-2651.47 & QS = 360.57 & QL = 5173.9 W/m2) is obtained later the effective of this atmosphere parameter on heat budget terms is analyzed and discussed. finally, the measurements obtained are compared with medium worldwide and concluded that the heat exchange among the sea, atmosphere, wind, basin volume, etc. can create processes in the lake and help to heat transmission. Its measure equals (QV = -86.05 W/m2) By obtaining these heat measurments we see that there is a good balance between the lake heat budget terms.

Urban green area, particularly trees, provides numerous benefits that can improve environmental quality and human health in and around urban areas. These benefits include improvements in air and water quality, building energy conservation, cooler air temperatures, reductions in ultraviolet radiation, and many other environmental and social benefits. The purpose of this article is to investigate oxygen production in urban area. The study area is Hashemi Park which is located in district number 1 of Qom city with 7-hectare area. The diameters of trees were measured to estimate oxygen production of the trees in the urban park. Oxygen productions of trees were estimated 7.44 kilogram per day which provides the necessary oxygen for 9 Adult persons. The result of this research revealed that it is necessary to plant more trees in urban green area. Also, planting trees tends to reduce change of climate inurban area and cooling of this region.

Despite health problems and hazardous aspects and environmental consequences in community day by day the minds of health professionals and environmentists have been engaged. The purpose of this study, the effect of education on the elementary school principals in the area of ​​the safety, health and the environment management system. In this quasi-experimental study (quasi-experimental) 49 elementary school principals (elementary school principals of the city) in the study were selected for their 2-day workshop was held. Site performance management system in the field of safety, health and the environment before and after the workshop by Czech standard list (Ministry of Health) was measured and the data obtained was analyzed by spss version 20 and paired t-test and test Variance analysis was performed. The analysis of the data before and after the training showed that in the performance of the managers before training 28/1% increased. Also, there is a correlation between knowledge and practice managers. The results showed that, among the leaders in the field of the environment before the intervention, there is a significant age difference. The above research showed that training is effective in improving the performance of elementary school principals and schools are in need of such a mechanism.

Nowadays, the management of the natural environment, especially in the rural areas of crucial importance. On the other hand, according to the global movement in the direction of the appropriate interaction with the environment and preserve it for future generations, as well as a new method in the management of natural resources, its positive effects can be observed. It increases the need for research in the rural environment. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is the study of environmental problems in the villages of the country and finding the solution to fix these problems. The present study was conducted using library match and using several sources, including various internal and external site for analyzing the content. The results obtained show problems such as increasing population and its focus on specific segments of the environment, which is a direct works on the quality of the environment in rural areas. In this case that population growth, poverty and the erosion of the environment in the growing countries has created a bad round that focuses on the lives of people and severely affect the development efforts of developing countries to achieve sustainable development, out of question. Therefore, could the culture, training and participation of people in different programs using a comprehensive management system, and finally the use of indigenous knowledge to your people in the region, the results are worthwhile.

Life quality is one of the most critical study areas in different countries and although it is an attractive and universal meaning, it does not have a universally accepted definition. The life quality of a person is depended on one's true and exterior reality and inner mental understanding of these factors. The importance of studying life quality and its role in public policy survey is a useful tool in urban management and planning. Due to the fact that one of the reasons of informing the new cities in Iran is to design desirable environment for the residents, it is critical to investigate the successfulness of construction companies of new cities and municipality.
Therefore, in this research, the effect of urban management function is studied from citizen's perspectives. The experimental method is used in this paper meanwhile in some parts descriptive-analytic methodology has been used. In order to gather the information of residents, 100 questionnaires were administered using field and library (in order to study the documentary facts in this area) method. In order to analyze the data SPSS software is used. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between urban planning function with mentally and real quality from citizen's perspective with the coefficient correlation of 0/694.
The results show that providing urban installation has the most effect in the increase of life quality in Baharestan.
In conclusion, in order to improve the life quality in Baharestan, it is suggested to provide plans in order to modify installations such as electricity network, the collection of sewage and surface water, transit network and also to provide required services for the residents.

Green space has an important role in the stability of a city. If environmental standards are met and a proper dispersion in connection ibith various factors suches population, density and area is observed, it can play a positive role in improving people’s quality of life. Hence analysis of green space application and determining its per capita through Bahram Soltani’s architectural model and estimating volume of the sample using Kocharan’s model in one of the most arid cities of Iran, and providing ideal suggestions in order to create a balance in the socio-physical structure of the aforementioned city, can be important as the subject of the current study.
Being a practical research, this study has been written based on a descriptive – analytic style, which collects documentary (library) and field data. It begins with creating an index model for problems in urban green spaces with five indices. Later these indices are classified into fourteen factors. Then the factors are scored from 0 to 10. Finally, the importance of each factor is specified by AHP. Also, 340 questionnaires were distributed among the citizens randomly.
The results of this study show that current situation of the green space, its dispersion and distribution in
the region is far from the usual standards in small cities and has made its residents face some isuses. The most problem in urban green space is lack of various experiments which stands at an average of 4.23.
Conducted calculations also show that this shortage of green space is up to 64977.3m2

Aesthetics as a distinct system in West philosophy and science did not have a difinite ed place until the mid-eighteenth century. Since the eighteenth-century the concept of aesthetic has been become more psychological and beauty has been considered in relation to perception and the observer has also become one of the effective factors of beauty. Human being has two emotional and rational aspects and perception of beauty is a soul activity and this activity does not take place unless by a stimulus from the outside world which ultimately results in three feedbacks (pleasure, surprise, value). Urban landscapes also should include needs of different aspects of human life simultaneously. In professional evaluation models, valuation is done based on the visual aspect of landscape and the beauty in nature (objective). And in the assessment by people's preferences, valuation is done based on people's perception of the landscape. In this study, by the research on evaluation procedures in the existing theories and by investigating the relationship between physical, psychological reactions of the human being and the beautiful perspectives, we have tried to introduce different (psychological) aspects of the perspective assessment. Physiologic and emotional reactions after engaging the human senses in the landscape will result in some feedback such as stress reduction, changes in heart rate, changes in the pupil of the eye, the skin and facial muscles changes and etc. These feedbacks can be used as benchmarks to measure the three reactions to post beauty (pleasure, surprise, value) and as the effective parameters in landscape design.

At the moment habitat destruction and degradation are the most important threats to biodiversity in the world and the roads presently are the main causes for habitat loss and fragmentation. In this study by means of extant records of mammal mortality during 2007-2015 we found road accident is the first reason for carnivore’s fatality. 52 percent of mammal mortality directly was associated with road accident. Carnivores with 64.42% showed the highest death road, amongst carnivores, canids had the most number of road kills, nearly 63 percent and felids by 20 percent were in the next place. Meanwhile 52 percent of cheetah Acinonyx jabatus venaticus mortality directly related to road collision. The road in Golestan National Park has led 39 percent of road mortality of mammals and 78% of leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor death road. Currently road accident is known as an emerging factor and one of the severe threats for top predators’ survival. Consequently, it is necessary to apply standard procedures to make safe passage for wildlife crossing, moreover protective measures according to urban and rural development programs to be considered behalf of decision makers.

In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer amount and its spliting on rice (Hashemi variety) yield and nutrients uptake from urea source, was conducted in the National Rice Research Instituteduring during a two- year experiment. The study has been done based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Increasing amount of nitrogen fertilizers based on urea source in four categories was as the first factor, i.e. 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg nitrogen ha-1 and the time of its application was as the second factor i.e. basal application at transplanting, two splits i.e. at transplanting and at the beginning of tillering, and three splits i.e. at transplanting, at the beginning of tillering and just before flowering. Results showed that yield and nitrogen uptake by grain and straw increased significantly by applying of increased amount of urea fertilizer and when the fertilizer was used in two or three splits application (P