نشریه تاریخ ادبیات
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

Mustafa Wahbi Al-Tall, known as "Arar" (1949 - 1899 AD) is of the greatest poets of Jordan. He is known as father of modern poetry of Jordan. Arar with verse translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam that was in his hand, he was fascinated and intrigued of Khayyam poems and said Poems like he. It can be said that understanding of Arar poetic themes regardless philosophy and understanding of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and his poems it is very difficult .This article with a Technical Take for the Arar’s poetry tries to analys them Poetic images to determine the poet how much Relied on himself in creating of new images. Simile, metaphor, hyperbole and smile detection images are the most important tools that have been studied in this research. The results show that in topic of discussion is no sign of the impact of Arar of Khayyam's poetic images. And what readers thought of his poetry to impact in this area led him to reflect some philosophical ideas of Khayyam in his poems.

God created man anddelegated many of His traits and characteristics to him; among equipped him with intellect; to recognize his goods and evils. So Reason in life, happiness and human destiny is irrefutable role. Nasser Khosrow knows "reason" as a divine gift and the interface between man and God. The words "wisdom" or "reason" of the most used words of the poet's thought field. The present study examines the roots and origins of "reason = wisdom" and the frequency and nature as well as in the odes to his intellectual origins and reasons for the attention he pays to reason. Naser Khosrow has the Quran in his mind and also He was the interpreter of the Quran based on the ideas and teachings of the Ismailia. According to the actuarial study the word Reason with its derivatives used in the Quran about 49 of which is with the word Light. He was affected by the Book of Revelation, and the use of this word in the Quran, given the known, to measure the frequency and evidence of the Court implicitly compared the word of the Quran has been poet's verses have been investigated. Salvation and happiness of human is come from the Light which arise of the poet’s mind Reflecting widespread and such emphasis show poets concern about the missing of the human and his need : the Reason or Wisdom.

According to an old history philosophy, some general rules govern the history. So if the man does same works in different times, the results usually will be same. Therefore, we should write or study the history for knowing and predicting witch works lead witch results. But in this research, we show the story was reverse in Shahname as a part of Persian historiography. The historians at first, determine the general rules according to their central thoughts and then write the history in direction of the central thoughts. They write the history for documenting a thought. For analyzing we selected “the kingdom of Yazdgerd”, last part of Shahnameh as an important and effective period that changed the cultural order of the Shahnameh’s atmosphere to the cultural order of the historian period. Our metoodology is based on time narrative theory of Gérard Genette.

Tuhfa al-Rasūl and Farīd al-Maktūbāt [=The Gift of the Prophet and The Unique Writing] written by Mīr Aḥmad Kashshī, one of the major Naqshbandī Sufi masters of Transoxania in the 19th century ACE, is a book regarding the Sufism of Khājagān [=the Nobles] in which following the trilogic tradition of Sharīʻa [=Islamic Law], tarīqa [=Sufi Path] and haqīqa [the Truth] the author commences the first chapters through Islamic law and legal antecedents in order to train and cultivate Naqshbandī novices. Then he delves more deeply into Sufism ipso facto in the rest of the labor. The dogmatic elements of mystical theology are outstanding in the work, and one can regard the book as an exemplary portrait of Sufism in the time of decadence. In this article, utilizing the transmissive resources, specifically references to the text perse, we introduce the audience descriptively and analytically with the manuscript to indicate the significance and necessity of an inquiry in the traditional Sufism of Naqshbandīs in Transoxania.

Allusion is one of the rhetorical figures which enjoys great importance and is numerously used in literature. The use of allusion shows that the writer enjoys richness in knowledge and culture. Through the researches that have been done on allusion, finding the most primitive and oldest sources for allusions is common and paves the way for the subsequent researches. The subject of this research is finding the two most primitive and well-known sources of allusion in Persian literature,” Khom isa(Christ)” and “reshte Maryam(Marian)”. In this piece of writing, after giving a short description of allusion and a discussion on the research history, and with respect to the common resources and our present knowledge, the originality and significance of the subject matter was proved. Then, by giving applicable examples of these two kinds of allusion taken from Persian poetical works, the resource that have been referenced were presented and the forms that have been presented in an interpretation of a verse in “masnavi” based on the resources ,were explained. Subsequently, Apocryphal Gospels (Anajil Aboo kafrifaei) were introduced which are the newly founds among the Gospels. And finally, three old sources which centuries existed before the discussed resources are presented along with their narratives.

Literature of nations has common general aspects as well as unique features; as they interact and affects each other. One of the subjects which is in the center of studies is the literary schools stem in the west and reflecting on the east including contemporary literature of Iran. This has affected many poets and writers. Nima and Shahryar following him apparently are affected by different literary schools, romanticism in particular; as they were familiar by French language and studied western literature. They created unique poems named”Afsaneh’ and Heydar-Babaye-Salam”. This study will review the reflection of Romanticism literary features manifested in them based on the documentation and content analysis in comparative method. These two poems are the masterpieces of literature from two different geographical, political and cultural domains. The outcome of study shows that, although the general feature governing the two poems is romantic, it is more prominent in Heydar-Babaye-Salam which is mainly affected by Afsane.

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, like Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, is the origin of the culture and social tradition and word- thinking of the peoples of the land who created these works thereºtherfore, by analyzing the intellectual coordinates that have been reflected in these works ,the spirits, thoughts and belives of in these works, the spirits ,thoughts and belives of the people of the ancient lands, Iran and the Greece ,will be recognizable. In this inrestigation , it has efforted, be side studying about ancient rituals of Iran and Greece ,including: oath and covenant ritual,hospitality and gift giving and music ritual, the ancient culture of these two ancient civilization get analyzed from the perpective of anthropology ,sociology, theology and psycyhology factors and their similar and different aspect get discussed.The result of the study shows that , a mong great civilizations of the ancient history,that have the same race and historical origin,not so much deep similarities and differences are seen in their remained works.The similarities are more seen in structuire and in the way of customs that were performed in external layers, and the causes of difference among the rituals can be related to time distance among the works and thir authors and the place- dimension,that has a significant effect on intelectual and spiritual themes of these ritual.

While the death of Abdul Latif Tasooj (about 1300 BC.), Translated by renowned and skilled Thousand and One Nights, long ago, life events, and other writings about his possible little information at hand. In addition to the names of Najaf Abdul Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Tasooj to send a valid document about his life, is given. Keywords: comprehensive proof, discovered Alghmh translation, translation of Panchatantra, Zilossoltan, Nasereddin Shah.While the death of Abdul Latif Tasooj (about 1300 BC.), Translated by renowned and skilled Thousand and One Nights, long ago, life events, and other writings about his possible little information at hand. In addition to the names of Najaf Abdul Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Tasooj to send a valid document about his life, is given. In addition to the names of Najaf Abdul Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Tasooj to send a valid document about his life, is given.