مجله رهیافت های سیاسی و بین المللی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 48، زمستان 1395)

The aim of this study is to characterize the anthropological foundation of Robert Nozick’s libertarian account of justice and compare it to MacIntyre’s theory. Nozick’s theory of justice is based on an individualistic account of human nature according to which human beings’ rights are prior to their ends; these rights, including property rights are inviolable. No account of the human good, common and public good can justify the violation of these rights. On the contrary, in MacIntyre’s view, the good is prior to the rights, there is no human being qua human being independent of its social roles and ends. It is the notion of the good that determine the true scope of rights. Human vulnerability also sets some limits on individual rights. Without a prior understanding of the good, it is not possible to settle moral dispute via argumentation.

With the emerging of the political crisis in Syria, regional and trans-regional actors have made different policies based on their interests. Syria strategic importance in region and its role on the strategic point for the resistance axis and for the international powers’ expansionist motivations causes increasing the complexity of the crisis and creating new blocks with redefining the national security and interests. This article by an analytical-descriptive approach and using ducumetary resources, seeks to find out the motivation of regional and international actors by offensive realism framework and explain the Syria crisis role in the creating new blocks. By regarding this, the main question is “what are the Syria crisis role on new regional and international bocks? Considering the multiplicity of actors, the role of U.S.A, I. R. Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, E. U., China, Russia, Turkey have been studied. The result of the article indicates that Syria crisis had been changed the kind and nature of the regional and international allies.

The present paper is an attempt that pointing Babel Tower as the symbol of the violence and domination of the Semites and attempt to challenge this attitude and policy by the Innovative concept of friendship in a descriptive-analytical manner. Derrida considers the efforts of the Sami to build the tower, thereby preserving their descent and language, as their attempt to create meaning; and by his deconstruction approach, fights this type of imperialism. Derrida by giving a new meaning to the concept of "friendship" based on the brotherhood, responsibility to the other, gift, hospitality, forgiveness- which are unbreakable, unconditional and universal- heralds a new and original form of politics and government named "democracy to come". Derrida considers the collapse of the Babel Tower by God, the symbol of the end of tyranny and injustice, and the beginning of a move toward equality and freedom.

The European Union is considered to be an important and influential player in the international community, whose membership has turned into a dream for the Republic of Turkey. In the meantime, the distinct identity of the two players and the change in the criterias, from material (which Turkey has the upper hand in it) to normative value (which does not correspond to the will of the Union in Turkey), makes limitations to the process of the membership of this important economic and geopolitical country. Accordingly, the main question is: what impact has the EU's normative value and authority on Turkey's membership to the union? The interim response to the question is: the different identities and normative values of the European Union, such as human rights, free elections, defending the rights of minorities, democracy and democratic structures, peace and stability, etc., have caused Turkey's membership in the union to be prolonged and Turkey's admission will not be possible without achieving a single identity and normative value criteria with the same definition. Focusing on values and norms can create an irreplaceable position for the European Union to bold the appearance of a "good player" or "well- doing player" in the minds of the public. By accepting Turkey as its member, the European Union does not want to disturb to make a change in the mentality and directing itself into a variety of challenges, including the challenge of identity.

Having been discovered in ninetieth century, Ibn Khaldun’s social thought became a matter of controversies for both Western and non-Western academics. There has been an ongoing debate over his role as the founding father of sociology as well as how a non-Western school in sociology can be established on the basis of his theories. Taking a metatheoretical approach, this study first concentrates on the paradigmatic and epistemological features of some major interpretations, applications and coalescent theories based on the theory of asabiyyah in order to illustrate the obstacles, capabilities and the relevant research areas to this notion. It, then, suggests some new insights on how asabiyyah should be applied to the current issues and merged into the current socio-political frameworks as well.

The Islamic Revolution and the Muslim Brotherhood are two major discourses in the political and social developments of the Muslim world. Studying the trend of relations between these two discourses and analyzing the factors affecting their relations are of special importance. Therefore, the present study aimed to deal with the process of equivalence and difference between two discourses of the Islamic Revolution and the Muslim Brotherhood using Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory. Accordingly, although both of these two discourses are semantically classified within the discourse of political Islam, share the same myth, and have a great background for equivalence and creating a common identity in the Muslim world, there are some different signs and points in these two discourses which provide the areas of difference between them. Intervention of dominant global and regional discourses, radical revolutionary movements in Iran after the Islamic Revolution, and different interpretations of the Arabic uprisings in the region and especially Syria crisis are among the main factors causing difference between these two discourses. Hence, relations between the Islamic Revolution and the Muslim Brotherhood have not followed a linear trend and left behind many ups and downs in the path of equivalence or difference.