نشریه ادیان و عرفان
سال پنجاهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

According to Meister Eckhart, the Godhead or the Ground of God is above God or the Trinitarian God. In the same way‚ he distinguishes between the Ground of the soul and the faculties of the soul. In Eckhart’s view, we were united with the Godhead before the creation of the world. But we went out from Him at the time of the creation and‚ as a result‚ lost the union with Him. Then the Godhead became God. This paper, which is written in a descriptive and analytical way, deals with detachment Eckhart considers as the path of return of the soul to reunite with the Godhead. According to Meister, detachment or an external (voluntarily) and inward freedom‚ with grace which is necessary from God, causes the Ground of the soul to reach to the union with the Godhead or supreme detachment above the union with God or the Creator God. Therefore detachment‚ the detached person and supreme detachment are reunited again.

The development of the theological realms is a category that has always been interpreted in conjunction with the interconnected components. Anthropological changes, especially in the Christian tradition paradigm, are among the important factors that influence the ontology of modern theology and its relation to the political affair, and explain the final form of contemporary human existence. The main purpose of the present article is to examine the theological developments in the modern era, which, as a theoretical finding, examines the technology of making human beings in the dialectic of religion and politics. In this case, we are confronted with the question of how the ontological and humanistic changes of Christian theology have influenced the development of modern political theology? In response to this question and with the help of a descriptive-analytical method, we have tried to assess the hypothesis that since Christian political theology is coherent on the basis of the conceptual role [of human focus] of man, and it is possible to study the paradigm of it Thus, in light of the developments in Christian theology, it can be seen that the process of the formation of modern political theology is the product of the discontinuity and appendages in the field of philosophy, theology, and politics, which are documented and conceptual systems corresponding to the form Is compiled.

A large number of Buddhist-sogdian texts reflect the influential activities of Buddhist translators in the Central Asian convents. The purpose of this article is to examine the questions and answers raised in the Sogdio-Buddhist text: The Sūtra of the Cause and the Effect of the operation. Therefore, the questions raised by Ananda (one of the Buddha’s students) from Buddha have been selected from Mackenzie-transliteration. For this reason, the questions raised by Buddha (one Buddhist disciple) have been selected from the Sūtra's Text (written by Mackenzie). These clauses have been written by the author based on the transcriptional glossary of Gharib and then have been analyzed thematically to provide a better Persian translation. Selected questions and answers in this article contain informative points about the teachings of Buddha, the most important of which is the Karma law, according to which the present situation of a person in this world is the result of his past behavior and condition. In this way, man is grappling with a rebounded turning point (Samsāra), which ultimately liberates this suffering through the path of self-perfection and morality, and reaches into the infinite essence (Nirvāna).

One of the most important issues in religions and religious communities is relation between religion and state. This relationship in Christianity, throughout its history had ups and downs. Based on the theoretical and practical principles of Christianity, which is derived from the Bible and the views and actions of Jesus Christ and the apostles, Christianity does not have a social and political program. In Christianity, religion is distinct from politics and people are obliged to obey the government. In its initial approach, Christianity had political silence and social isolation. But after the official formation in the fourth century, this rule changed and Christians, despite their foundations, entered society and politics seriously, and went so far as they quarreled and fought with kings on sovereignty and created "Doctrine of the two swords". In any way, by studying the sources and history of Christianity and in order to raise awareness about the relation between Church and state from the beginning to the end of the Middle Ages, the article illustrated this relationship.

Since Depression is one of the most prevailed mental disorders, the present study was conducted seeking the effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy on depression with an emphasis on Islamic concepts. The research design is a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with control group.The sample group was selected using convenience sampling method and included 48 patients. The experimental group undertook positivist psychotherapy focusing on Islamic concepts; while, the control group received no treatment. The research plan is of semi-experimental type with pre-test and post-test design. The samples’ depression level was measured using Beck Depression questioner-II and a 3-month follow-up period was conducted subsequently. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance and statistical dependent and independent T-tests. The results indicated that this type of psychotherapy focusing on Islamic concepts, could decrease the depression level (p<0.01, F= 220.37) and this decrease was constant in time (p<0.01, t= 2.75). Given the effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy with an emphasis on Islamic concepts, mental health providers are required to put more emphasis on the issue.

A significant part of the poetic and prose texts of Persian literature is a mystical subject. Like other literature works, in mystical texts various social classes and professions have been expressed in a variety of ways and each writer and/or poet has presented a different visions on different social groups considering his/her personal style and/or affected by social and political atmosphere of the era (s)he was living in. Qaris of the Quran are one of these social classes. In the period from the fifth to the eighth centuries of the Hijra, which is the peak period of the mystical texts, the Qaris, due to the companionship and communication of mystics with this class, their intentions and function, have been discussed. The purpose of this article, which is carried out for the first time in descriptive-analytical way, is to explain the position of the Qaris in the four major eras of the growth and enhancement of mysticism, in which the Qaris is divided into two categories: positive and negative. Of course, there are other evidence that there were Qaris, who have not been judged. Therefore, such evidence has been evaluated as Neutral. The findings and results of the study, derived from the frequency statistics, indicate that that the more we approach from 5th to latter eras, the more negative characteristics of Qaris are emphasized in comparison to the earlier era, when their positive characteristics were more considered. Of course, apart from socio-political factors, the kind of gnostic look and poetry of the poet or writer has also been effective in determining the dignity of the Qaris.

This article studies the degree of compatibility of the mysticism of Sa'id al-Din Farghani with the Shi'i beliefs about Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS). Although Farghani, who is a disciple of Sadr al-Din Qunavi and one of the greatest followers of the school of Ibn Arabi, is apparently and formally not a Shi'ite mystic, but in spite of his special dedication to the household, is convinced of the most important components of the Shiite belief in Imamate, and analyzes each of them with the best of mystical expressions. Like the Shi'ites, he regarded the Imam Ali (as) as the heir of the prophet (pbuh), and believed in the infallibility of him, and narrated some of the most important hadiths and narrations on the succession of Imam Ali (as) to the Prophet (pbuh). Farghani also believes in the perfection of the Imam (as) on other Ummah, and also introduces Imam Ali (as) as the heir to the Divine Science of the Prophet (pbuh) and the highest mystic and the main owner and source of the true knowledge of knowledge.