Journal of Research and Health
Volume:8 Issue: 5, Sep-Oct 2018

Self-care is a process in which a patient uses his knowledge and skills to perform recommended behaviors. Therefore, patients should not only be able to obtain sufficient information about their illness and how to take care of them, they must also be able to use their knowledge in different situations and situations. In fact, patients for self-care and disease management, need to receive accurate and authoritative information to understand their condition as well as to collaborate on self-care programs [1]. Although doctors have historically been the most important source for health and medical information, but today, with the spread of media and the rapid dissemination of information through the internet, access to other resources is easy for the public. Therefore, patients' skills to achieve, accurate understanding and apply this information will have a significant effect on their health and well-being. These skills have recently been highly regarded as "health literacy" (HL) [2]. HL is defined as the level of individual capacity for gaining, interpreting, understanding basic information and health services that is necessary for a proper decision-making, and is divided into three levels of functional, communication, and critical [3].
In a meta-analysis study that summarizes the results of 85 different studies, the percentage of inadequate and marginal HL in the United States is estimated to be 25% and 20%, respectively.

Poor eating habits are formed and stabilized from childhood and adolescence, so, if there is no intervention to correct it, the dietary habits can be the source of health problems in the future. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of education based on Pender`s health promotion model on nutritional behavior of high school girls. This study was performed on 128 adolescents (two groups of 64 students). The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed based on the Pender`s health promotion model. Educational intervention consisted of four 45 to 60 minute training session for students and a training session for mothers with teaching methods of lecture, questioning and answering and group discussion. The two groups before the intervention were not significantly different in terms of demographic variables and the mean score of behavior and model constructs. But after the intervention, the mean score of healthy nutrition behaviors increased from 14.12 to 15.29 in the experimental group. The mean score of some model structures such as self-efficacy, perceived benefits and interpersonal norms in the test group significantly increased and the mean score of perceived barriers decreased significantly. But modeling structure didn’t show significant changes. The results of this study focuses on the effectiveness of health promotion model in changing nutrition behaviors. An increase in the perceived benefits and self-efficacy as well as a reduction in the perceived barriers to healthy eating are the strategies that can be the basis of the programs that are designed to promote healthy behaviors in adolescents especially in the school environment.

Considering parenting styles and quality of relationships between parents and adolescents are important factors in their compatibility, the present study investigated the relationship between parenting styles and compatibility of students. According to the multi stage cluster sampling, 243 high school students were recruited for the study. The study tools were Baum rind's parenting styles questionnaire and adjustment inventory for school students. The ANOVA showed a significant difference between emotional, social and academic adjustment in students nurtured with authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. Based on the results, students nurtured with authoritative parenting style were more compatible emotionally socially and academically, while the lowest compatibility was observed among students nurtured with authoritarian and permissive parenting styles, respectively. In families with authoritative parenting style, parents give opportunities to the teens that would strengthen them in decision-making and autonomy. The authoritative parenting style helps the psychological maturity of adolescent, leading to better adaptation.

Single-parent families maybe exposed of personal, interpersonal and family problems. Thus, the aim of the current research wasthe comparison of parental monitoring, affiliation with delinquent peers and high risk behaviors between single parent and two-parent adolescents. 100 single-parent adolescents and 100 two-parent adolescents in Eslamabad-e Gharb city of Kermanshah, Iran, were selected through Convenience sampling method, and responded to parental monitoring and affiliation with peers delinquent questionnaires and adolescent risk-taking scale. The results showed a significant difference between single parent and two-parent adolescent in terms of all three compared variables. Actually, single parent adolescents obtained lower score in parental monitoring and higher scores in affiliation with delinquent peers and high risk behaviors in comparison with two-parent adolescents. According to the results, it can be said that single-parent families are more exposed to problems. Therefore interventions to teach appropriate parenting style forparentsof single-parent adolescents and proper trainingsareessentialto prevent affiliation with delinquent peers and high risk behaviors among single-parent adolescents.Single-parent families maybe exposed of personal, interpersonal and family problems. Thus, the aim of the current research wasthe comparison of parental monitoring, affiliation with delinquent peers and high risk behaviors between single parent and two-parent adolescents. 100 single-parent adolescents and 100 two-parent adolescents in Eslamabad-e Gharb city of Kermanshah, Iran, were selected through Convenience sampling method, and responded to parental monitoring and affiliation with peers delinquent questionnaires and adolescent risk-taking scale. The results showed a significant difference between single parent and two-parent adolescent in terms of all three compared variables. Actually, single parent adolescents obtained lower score in parental monitoring and higher scores in affiliation with delinquent peers and high risk behaviors in comparison with two-parent adolescents. According to the results, it can be said that single-parent families are more exposed to problems. Therefore interventions to teach appropriate parenting style forparentsof single-parent adolescents and proper trainingsareessentialto prevent affiliation with delinquent peers and high risk behaviors among single-parent adolescents.

The way the parents build their relationships with their children is the strongest factor affecting family interaction patterns. This study aimed to examine the role of maternal parenting styles in predicting oppositional defiant, behavior, conduct, mood, and separation anxiety disorders among elementary school students. In this research, 86 children among all those referring to the counseling center of the 5th educational region in Tehran were conveniently selected and their mothers were asked to answer Bamrind parenting styles and pathological symptoms CSI-4 (parental form) questionnaires. Correlation and multiple regressions were used for data analysis. The results showed that there was a significantly negative relationship between behavioral and mood disorders and the authoritarian parenting style, as well as between antagonism disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and separation anxiety and permissive parenting style. The authoritarian parenting style could predict the behavioral and mood disorders and the permissive parenting style could predict antagonism disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and separation anxiety

Parenting a child who has ADHD presents most parents with many challenges. The aim of study was to appraise the effectiveness and comparison of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) and parent management training (PMT) to mothers in symptom improvement of 8-10 year old boys with ADHD in Urmia. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group was used. The population consisted of all mothers of 8-10 year old boys with ADHD in Urmia in 2012 who were referred to the counseling and treatment centers and their children received ADHD combined type diagnosis. Children who had the highest scores in Conner's Rating Scale (teachers & parents) were considered as ADHD patients that 45 patients were selected by convenience sampling method and were assigned randomly into two experimental groups (n=15)and a control group. Then, experimental groups were trained by Eyberg's PCIT and Patterson's PMT during 9 sessions which were held once a week. The control group received no intervention. In order to collect the study's data Conners Scales and the SWAN Rating Scale for ADHD were used. Data analysis was done by analysis of covariance with SPSS-16 software. The results showed that the difference between pretest and posttest scores of control group is equal to F=185.23 that it is significant (p<0.01). Results of Tukey's test showed that there was significant difference between the PCIT and PMT at level of 0.05 and this effect was stronger for PCIT group. Overall, it can be concluded that both of the programs were effective in relieving the ADHD symptoms but the PCIT was more effective.

Addictive substance abuse is one of the most important problems of human societies and one of the major challenges to the social, health and political world. Although the problem is not confined to specific age groups, young people, including university students, are among the main groups at risk. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence of addictive substance abuse among students of Islamic Azad university, Zahedan. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 1014 students studying at the Islamic Azad University of Zahedan, using the cluster sampling method, in due observance of gender, college, and program level distribution. The data were collected using the high-risk behaviors questionnaire and a demographics form. The greatest frequencies comprised, respectively, of waterpipe smoking (40.04%), cigarette (22%), alcohol (12.06%), and opium (7.5%). Smoking prevalence in male and female students were respectively 56.7% and 26.1%. Cigarette smoking rates among female and male students were of 6.8% and 39.1% prevalences. Alcohol consumption among female and male students had 2.4% and 13.5%. Study results indicate a high prevalence of drug abuse among students was addiction. This demands greater attention to preventive and educational measures and interventions for this vulnerable group of society.

The prevalence rate of harmful use of cyberspace in the world is constantly increasing. This means that those who are addicted to the Internet, experience negative consequences of it, such as feeling of loneliness and isolation, and a vicious circle as well as a bilateral relationship may be involved. In this paper we studied the relationship between online social network dependency and internet addiction with loneliness in Gonabad adolescents. The statistical population consisted of all adolescents in the range of 13-20 years in Gonabad city. Samples have been selected just among high school students because of the easy accessibility. The participants includes 568 boys and girls students in 9, 10 and 11 grades of high school. Three questionnaires were the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale and researcher-made questionnaire of virtual social network dependency. The results showed that the rate of intense addiction to internet among Gonabadian adolescents (8.8%) is lower compared to the prevalence of internet addiction among Iranian adolescents (10.24%). Also the mean of loneliness is nearly 40 and 16.9% (98 individuals) of the participants have earned scores higher than the mean of loneliness and 83.1% of adolescents had score lower than the mean of loneliness. Data shows that there is very weak direct and significant statistical relationship between internet addiction and loneliness and between virtual social network dependency and loneliness. The results showed that but adolescents did not feel emotional loneliness and severe social isolation despite the dependence on modern media tool is elusive from society and need for privacy (away from other people).

Previous studies have shown that nicotine can affect beta cell function and insulin secretion in cigarette smokers. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks aerobic exercise on insulin and beta cell function in smokers. In this semi-experimental study with pre and post-training design, a total of 36 adult smoker men aged 41±2.5 years were selected into either exercise (n=18) or control (n=18) groups. Exercise participants underwent a 10-weeks supervised aerobic training intervention (3 days/weeks for 45-60 min at 60-80% HR max). Pre (baseline) and post training of fasting glucose, insulin serum and beta cell function were measured of two groups. Aerobic intervention resulted in significant decrease in fasting glucose. In addition, aerobic training induced a significant increase beta cell function and serum insulin in exercise group. The control group exhibited no significant change in any variables. Long term aerobic training is associated with improvement in glycemic profile in male’s smoker. The benefits effect of aerobic intervention on glucose homeostasis in cigarette smokers may be attributed to improved beta cell function.

Use of the internet has regarded as an advantageous breakthrough which sometimes has led to over usage so-called "internet addiction". Increased prevalence of internet addiction among students and the necessity of acquiring information to design interventions have compelled us to design the present study on knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy of students regarding the Internet addiction. This study was two‑stage cluster sampling consisted of 160 girl participants who were residing in selected dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire including demographic, knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy questions regarding the Internet addiction and. 49 participants (30.6 %) were at risk of the Internet addiction. Majority of the students were on the average national levels of knowledge (48.1%), attitude (49.1%), and self-efficacy (61.2%). We also found a statistically significant association between mean score of attitude with educational degree (p<0.003), and between the average daily hours of the Internet use with user type (p<0.001). Given the importance of knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy on the adaptation of healthy behaviors, the findings of this study revealed that extra educational interventions aiming to increase knowledge, improve attitudes and self-efficacy regarding internet use has a paramount importance.

There is no research on the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and defensive styles especially in elite athletes that face different emotions in the competitive atmosphere. The present study was carried out with the purpose of analyzing the cognitive emotion regulation strategies and defense styles in elite athletes. In total, 385 (285 male and 100 female) elite athletes were selected applying random cluster sampling method. All the participants completed cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire short version and Defense Styles Questionnaire version 40. The results showed that mature defense style is positively associated with acceptance, positive refocusing, and positive reappraisal; where as, it is negatively associated with self-blame. Immature defense style was negatively associated with acceptance and positive reappraisal but positively associated with rumination. Moreover, neurotic defense style was negatively associated with acceptance but positively associated with self-blame. The results of regression analysis indicated that mature defense styles can be positively predicted by acceptance and positive refocusing. In addition, self-blame could positively predict the neurotic defense style and both immature, neurotic defense styles could be negatively predicted by acceptance. It can be concluded that ego defense mechanisms are influenced by cognitive regulation unconsciously.

The current research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of training of reality and the spirituality on promoting psychological well-being in students. The method of this research was semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. In this study 45 university students were selected by sampling method as sample size and then the participants were randomly divided into three groups (two experimental and one control groups) which each group had 15 participants. A test group received nine 90-minute sessions of group-based reality training; the second group received nine sessions of two-hour spirituality training in group way, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales was used to collect information. The results showed that spiritual education has a higher effect on the education of reality in promoting the level of psychological well-being in students. Thus, it can be concluded that reality is influential in promoting the psychological well-being of the students and also the spiritual education and reality education significantly affect the level of psychological well-being in students, but spirituality is more effective than reality.