نشریه پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان
سال بیست و سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 78، بهار و تابستان 1397)

New comparative studies tried to discover texts relationships with utilizing Intertextual methods. Gerrad Genette speaks about interrelations of texts in Transtextual model. In his attitude, Transtextuality is whatever interrelate texts with each other. In the tradition of Iranian miniature, pictorial texts inspired by verbal texts and pursuant to their better understanding. Herat illustrating School is one of the uppermost Schools in Iran and the accompaniment of word and image in its works influences many artists from all over the world. After six centuries of creation of these works, in Turkish contemporary literature, Orhan Pamuk wrote a novel about illustrating which entitled “My Name is Red”. Illustrations of Herat School are so important in this novel and some parts of it occur in the illustrations themes. This study utilizes Genette’s theory of Transtextuality to examine how Herat manuscripts influence the novel. Findings of this article shows that the novel entitled “My Name is Red” is the result of creative transposition of Herat manuscripts and known as a hypertext for them.

One of the major approaches and concepts in all intellectual history nihilism , the absurdity of inconsistencies between the individual search for meaning in a meaningless world and the world to come.In philosophy, the word "absurd" the conflict between the desire of mankind to explore the inner value and meaning of life and man's inability to find it refers. Here, the "null" means "logically impossible", but rather means "dawn of man" is. But historically, and in particular,know Nietzsche as a philosopher know that this approach is considered. In our tradition, the approach is not unheard , so that even on the concepts of the Rubaiyat is coherently formulated. The kayyams Rubaiyat, also in the work Nietzsche nihilism emerge in areas of ontological , cosmological, epistemological, ethical and existential . This article want to reaserch is a deep affinity between these two philosophers ideas in the areas discussed want to emphasis that Khayyam had priority in this respect even Nietzsche

Palestinian resistance poetry in its nature and originality has symbolic and mythical functions. These functions according to the nature are viable and sustainable and have characteristics of roaming and extra time. One of the poets of the Palestinian resistance who has left legacies with creation of various poems in resistance poetry, is Zeinab Habash who used impressively from myth and symbol as the main feature of this type of literature. This paper seeks to explore and analyze the symbols and myths in inductive- analytical method that used by poet. The conclusion was that the writer has divided symbols and myths to six scopes consist of natural, personal, positive, negative personal, animal, place, and other case, that have a variety of signified consist of peace, freedom, resistance, martyr, fighters, land, enemy and etc. that this subject appear richness of poet’s thought, initiative and his appropriate using of language and literary capacities.

Tarykhchh Ay detective story full of ups and downs, so that each ethnic Flklvrhay, detective stories of their own, but the subtle point that we have raised in this study, according to John SCSI implication that there is a first novel policing the world, known as the "mystery room" was on Herodotus. In this study, the theory Tzvtan Tvdvrvrf considered as the basis for research on the relationship between structure and plan the next step to prove Adayman similar to the story, "King Rampsytynvs and thieves" in the history of Herodotus to the example of the modern detective story by poo in comparison Adgaraln made. The results show that although the story "Rampsynytvs and thieves" in the history of Herodotus, according to "life-SCSI" first "mystery Drbstە room of the world" are presented, in terms of structural overlaps perfectly with the theory Tzvtan Todorov. Also in the narrative genre grammar police, four current narrative that makes up the suspense narrative.

Enlightenment in the Western societies, by giving credence to the instrumental reason, justified man’s dominance over his world around and led to the construction of modern structures in the Western societies. Among the critics of Modernity, Michel Foucault by genealogical study of the formation of the Western subject analyzed the procedures through which the modern power technologies are formed. Also, Jürgen Habermas by the study of the Western instrumental reason, establishes his pathological solutions on the grounds of inter-subjectivity. Moreover, Howard Barker, in his play, The Castle, depicts a dystopian society in which a medieval crusader, accompanied with a rationalist engineer, destroys people's communal and intersubjective relations by constructing a panoptic castle. This article aims at analyzing the surveillance society of The Castle by Foucault’s genealogy of power relations in the Western societies and Habermas’s theories about the uncoupling of lifeworld and system. The researchers of this study concluded that the uncoupling of lifeworld from system can be the main reason for the demolition of the play's symbolic society.

The scene is the local and chronological situation of acts in the Fiction. So that the general places of characters in addition to Geographical place and the era of acts governing the behavior of characters, is also effective on it. “Blindness” of Jose Saramago and “The Lots” of Patrick Modyano has some common deliberative aspects such as: Philosophical theme, deficiencies, and crises of identity and intellectual in contemporary Human life, and having devices of narrating. However they have considerable differences, such as their scenes elements. In this research, it has been pay attention to differences and resemblances of two novels scenes. The conclusions are that: In “Blindness”, the places and times are indefinite; and scenes are General and symbolic and in some cases are “non-Places” as Oget says; but in “The Lots”, the places are accurate and so, times are limit to the contemporary era.In “The Lots”, the frequency of panoramic scenes are more than the “Blindness”; and in the “Blindness”, Scenic ones are more than in “The Lots”.

Cesare Pavese is one of the figures of Italian modern literature. He in fact belongs to literary and artistic movement of Realism, and lives two world war’s tragic experience. His works are also influenced by Symbolism and sealed by shadows of Neorealism. In most of his works many natural elements are usually used by the poet to mean existential concepts of human life. One of this natural elements is “sea” that so many times, in some of his works in prose and in poetry, takes on several different values and meanings as if to show contradictions that exist in poet and writer’s soul and also in his private life. In the other hand, sometimes word “sea” means death, nothingness, no way and on the other times it means as a pure and primitive curiosity that gives man a very deep energy to hold on and continue to live. In this paper we focus on a critical analysis of the word “sea”‘s different meanings that we can find in Pavese’s works.

The “end of ideology” was a theory put forward by conservative American intellectuals at the height of the Cold War, serving the purposes of western politicians in their crusade against Marxism/Communism in the polarized post-war world. Reemerging in a variety of names and forms, the “end of ideology” came to be the dominant political, social, and cultural discourse of the second half of the twentieth century, and frustrated the possibility of meaningful resistance to the status quo. Nevertheless, in the past two decades, especially after the momentous post-9/11 events, we can see clear signs of challenge to this discourse. Investigating the influence of these discursive changes on contemporary British theatre and introducing the little-known form of documentary theatre, the present study will focus on the return of ideology to the British theatre in documentary works. My Name Is Rachel Corrie and, in passing, two other documentary plays will be considered to shed light on the core premise that an important part of the British theatre is once again ideological.

Study of cross-cultural dialogism process in Crasy for Elsa- intertextual approach:Intertextual approach as one of the great achievements of post-structuralism opened a new horizon in criticism. The term “intertextuality” was first introduced as Julia Kristeva’s translation of Mikhail Bakhtin’s conception of the “dialogic”. According to this approach no text is independent and it is affected by the previous texts. People like Genette, Barthe, Riffaterre and Jenny also began to spread this approach to literary criticism. Contemporary French poet and writer, Louis Aragon, also tried to take advantage of intertextual relations in the discovery of convergences in the world's collective memory and sees cognitive features of each nation such distinctions that can build together a global culture. Relying on the intertextuality approach, in this research we have tried to study the intertextuality in “Crazy for Elsa” written by Louis Aragon and We have also tried to study the process of dialogism and the importance of literary thinking in transfer of a sense of solidarity that defined in the united in diversity.

Aiden Chambers is one of the outstanding critics and writers in Children’s Literature who emphasizes, in his theory “The Reader in the Book,” on the importance of style, point-of-view, taking-sides and tell-tale gaps in examining the works in this field. Recently, Chamber’s approach has opened new doors to the examination of Iranian works in Children’s Literature. The present study aims at reading “A Handful Of Wheat” from his collection, The Kissing Game, on the basis of his theory to identify Chamber’s effective techniqes to create “the reader in the book” and by this practically put his ideas into test. The findings of this research demonstrate that, in this story, Chambers creates an intellegent, curious, critical and imaginative child reader through using the techniqes of structuring the main narrative within a framing narrative, writing disagreement, childlike objectivization, managed shift of tone/voice, double narrative levels, concrete narrative-making, taking sides through creating a double-face narrator, superficial and structural gaps, and an allegorical ending.

Pykarsk (picaresque) refers to a narrative style that emerged in the sixteenth century in Spain and one of the characteristics that are mercurial character and a bully. Some researchers believe that Pykarsk narrative style, in imitation of the genre could be investigated in Eastern literature is formed, what we have to do this research raised similarity in personality traits stories in world literature was Pykarsk. With this introduction we want to know what personality traits in fiction stories Pykarsk Iran and the world that our claim that these figures prove Pykarv. The research methodology utilizes analytical and library resources to evaluate and compare the characteristics of some of the stories of Iranian and foreign Pykarv deals.characteristics of some of the stories of Iranian and foreign Pykarv deals.characteristics of some of the stories of Iranian and foreign Pykarv deals.characteristics of some of the stories of Iranian and foreign Pykarv deals.characteristics of some of the stories of Iranian and foreign Pykarv deals.

The literary phenomena of artists are reflection of their ideas, beliefs and spiritual greatness that emanates from their own outlook on universe and self-awareness.
Majid Amjad and Sohrab Sepehri are amongst those Poets that use religion, mysticism and Quranic verses in their poems.
Amjad who had a religious view towards the universe at first , got far from that perspective but after obtaining some scientific experiences ,he returned toward Religion and achieved self-realization in the last years of his life .
Sepehri has also got to know mystical methods in his life,he was always respecting all religions based on the principle of Monotheism . He reached to a mystic place at the end of his life by realizing the principle of unity and seeing the manifestation of God in all manifestations of nature. Our purpose is to examine the different approaches of religion, mysticism and Quranic verses in these two Persian and Urdu poets.
We will try to discuss it with descriptive, inferential and analysis methods based on their poems.