فصلنامه علوم و فنون نظامی
پیاپی 42 (زمستان 1396)

Based on the Guns and Butter hypothesis, rising military expenditures could lead to higher levels of economic growth. In contrast to this hypothesis, the Guns or Butter hypothesis believes that rising military expenditures decreases the level of economic growth. In this regard, the main objective of this study is the empirical test of the Guns and (or) Butter hypothesis for high, middle and low income countries during the period 1995-2014. For this purpose, an augmented Solow model and the Systematic Generalized Method of Moment's (SGMM) were used. The findings of this study showed the positive and significant impact of military expenditures on economic growth in high-income countries (Guns and Butter hypothesis), the negative and significant effect of military expenditures on economic growth in low-income countries (Guns or Butter hypothesis), and the meaningless effect of military expenditures on economic growth in middle-income countries (neutral hypothesis). Therefore, it can be said that the effect of military expenditures on economic growth varies at different levels of income.

Undoubtedly, education is an important tool for the development of an organization.Training is continuous, costly and difficult process, which its result appears at the time of crisis. Improvement in pilot training has also become a necessity in light of significant advances in the aeronautical industry, and pilots must be able to adapt themselves to changes.To enhance a pilot training, his knowledge, skill and attitude should upgrade. There is no other way than the simulator to teach many pilot training topics such as emergency situations.However I.R.I.A.A Fix Wing is deprived of the use of flight simulator system, despite the many advantages as the best pilot training aid. The purpose of this study is to explain the need for the use of flight simulators to enhance the I.R.I.A.A Fix Wing pilots training. The statistical population consists of I.R.I.A.A Fix Wing pilots, Engineers and I.R.I.A.A flight simulator specialists. The data were collected by field and library methods and by interviewing tools; and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.The findings of the study indicated that using flight simulator has a positive and significant effect on the promotion of I.R.I.A.A Fix Wing pilots training.A quantitative statistical analysis also showed that the effect of this improvement on flight knowledge is 50%,flight skill is 66% and flight attitude is 52%.Therefor, the use of flight simulator is indispensable and inevitable So, I.R.I.A.A Fix Wing is required to use flight.

The 73-year-old United Nations, with membership of all countries, can work very well with the participation of all in the creation and maintenance of world peace; although political actions behind the scenes of the five countries with veto right in the Security Counci interferel in some cases, the presence of all countries makes these things less important. Since the Islamic Republic of Iran is the flagship of the Shiite in the world, in all areas, especially peace, it must take full advantage of its full potential in order to make practically the peaceful establishment of Islam clear. Of course, continuous and effective presence in peacekeeping missions is possible through an appropriate organizational structure, talented and creative officers, with the mastery of English, computer and culture of the host country.This paper addresses the challenges of the missions of maintaining the peace of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran and provides appropriate solutions for each of them. The statistical population is considered to be all officers and individuals who have one of the required conditions (participating in missions, participating in training missions, or serving in related staffing positions). In the end, the researcher concludes that the establishment of a Peacebuilding Training Center, and a change in the staffing structure could be very effective in solving the challenges facing the military observer.

Today, one of the problems of urban life is traffic congestion in cities, and especially in metropolises. The present study aimed to investigate the role of travel demand management as a policy for sustainable transport and reduce traffic congestion problems by directing demand for travel rather than increasing transportation facilities in line with urban sustainability. In this research, by surveying the different methods of travel demand management, the level of effectiveness of each method on the Tehran is studied so that the role of the travel demand management strategies in overcoming some prevalent challenges of traffic management and reaching the criteria of sustainable city in the term of transportation in the developing country will be characterized.This study was performed in three steps; documentary studies, field research and analysing the information by library and field methods. Some of the demand management strategies were tested on Tehran, and the result of each strategy and the influence of them on traffic considering the previous studies were analysed by the EMME2 software. At the end, the collective influence of demand management strategies in Tehran was analysed.

Today, airplanes have become indispensable parts of our lives. They are controlled by the pilots trained in aviation field. But the question is whether physiology of human being is capable of adjusting his visual ability and brain capacity to process the images and information necessary to survive in the air. In this paper, we have tried to address some of the weaknesses of human visual system from a physiological and psychological point of view, and ultimately, to find a solution to reduce visual illusion. Studying various scientific resources and interviews with experts involved in the field of air accidents; visual illusion in the statistical population of the pilots who have experienced an air accident, was investigated. Final analysis of the results of this research indicated that to reduce the risk of visual illusion, a good deal of knowledge about the physiology of human visual system as well as the related training systems designed to reduce the cognitive illusions is required on the part of the air crew, so that they can adjust themselves to the flight unconventional environment and hopefully the air accidents caused by the visual illusions are minimized.

According to military experts, Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas was the largest and most successful operation of the Islamic Republic of Iran's armed forces during the eight years of the imposed war. Because it led to great tactical achievements, it was able to win the balance in favor of Iran in the second year of the war. The name of the army aviation is associated with a majority of operations carried out during the eight years of the holy defense, especially the operations of Beit-ol-Moqaddas. The effective operation of army aviation in eight years of holy defense was initiated by the pilots and technical personnel of this unit in the early days of the war and continued with one of the great conquests of the war, which was the operation of Beit-ol-Moqaddas. The main question of this article is how the army aviation performance (in the direction of heliborne, evacuation of injured and fire support) in Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas. The statistical population includes, commanders, pilots and technical staff involved in the operations of the Beit-ol-Moqaddas. the research method, the descriptive-qualitative method with the quantitative-qualitative information analysis (mixed). Data were collected by field and library methods and by interviewing tools, a questionnaire was collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the article confirm that the army aviation performance has had a significant impact on the victory of the Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas. Therefore, it is suggested that the army aviation Training Center be conducted accurately to train students in various pilot types.

One of the most important parts of military training is shooting. There is currently no detailed information on the effectiveness of the training programs used for shooting accuracy. Therefore, the present study was designed and implemented to determine the effect of 6 weeks of physical fitness training on shooting results. 40 healthy soldiers were randomly divided into experimental (20) and control (20) groups and compared in both pre and post test.The experimental group was selected for sporting activities for 6 weeks, 3 sessions each week and 50 minutes each session. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and t-test in independent and correlated groups at a significant level of P <0.05. Analysis of the results showed that applying the independent variable had a positive and significant effect (P <0.05) 0 P). In other words, the accuracy in shooting after applying an independent variable (6 weeks of fitness training) was better and more accurate. This result was also obtained when people were shooting in a standing position and in liner condition; the application of an independent variable had a positive effect on the accuracy of shooting and its effect was statistically significant at the probability level (P <0.05).