فصلنامه برنامه ریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 29، تابستان 1397)

The establishment of ecotourism residence in villages around large cities with historical and natural monuments has grown in recent years and is backed by relevant organizations. On the other hand, the problems of urbanization and the love of nature in human beings lead them into nature and quiet regions. Therefore, this is a good opportunity for the rural development through tourism and its services. This research particularly seeks to analyze the effects of establishing ecotourism residence on the development of rural settlements in the Radakan village, Chenaran County. This study is an applied research conducted in a descriptive-survey method. The population of the study consisted of residents of Radakan village (N = 3734). The sample size based on Cochran formula was 146 villagers which were randomly selected. The main tool for collecting the data and measuring the variables of the study is questionnaire. Validation (validity) indicators were evaluated and judged by 10 judges specializing in tourism studies.The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was also confirmed by Cronbach's test (with a value of 0.91) at a high level. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software in factor analysis. The results of the research from the reduction of 37 variables indicate that 8 extracted factors accounts for 88.69% of the variance, indicating that factor analysis and the variables were satisfactory. Accordingly, the job creation factor that explains 21.65% of the 20 impact of the ecotourism residence includes the variables of direct and indirect employment, the expansion of employment opportunities for women, and creation of new employment opportunities. The factor of increasing the production and income with variance of 18.69 and local identity enhancement factor with the variance of 14.23 and the highest percentage, and the physicalarchitectural (with variance of 4.75) and socio-cultural factors (with variance of 3.12) have the least impact on the development of Radakan village through ecotourism residence. Besides, according to the results of single sample t-test, the fourth factor (boom in service sector) with the statistic 9.11 and the first factor (job creation) with the statistic 8.62, have had the greatest role.

Studying the Rural Councils' performance, and the role of residents' participation in rural development, is one of the most important issues in the field of rural management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Islamic Councils and People's Participation, in Rural Development in the Kolbad district's vills, in Galugaah county. Research methods is Descriptiveanalytical, and the statistical population consisted of two group of individuals: all family headmen and the total Council members (32). In this way, using Cochran formula and random sampling, ultimately 296 family headmen were selected as a sample group. In order to assess the normality of average data distribution, we used Kolmogorov-Smirnov test scores; and to evaluate the performances, we used the Yeoman-Vitney test. results show a significant difference in the subject of Economic and Social performance, while the Council's opinion being mostly dominant. And in the subject of Cultural performance and participation, the public opinion has Priority over the council's comments.

Cold and frost waves are are among the most important natural phenomena, occuring in the cold period of the year. The reason why the frost phenomenon has been considered is it's feedbacks on the nature and human life, which sometimes has been associated with negative severe tension and sometimes positive feedbacks, particularly in agriculture and gardening. This study has tried to analysis of daily, as monthly and seasonal, frosts of Southern Khorasan province. To do this, the minimum daily temperature of synoptic stations of Southern Khorasan province were used for a 27 years period (1988-2014). And to investigate the probability and frequency of the frost days, Markov chain model was used. Results illustrated that Ghaen city in the north, and Birjand city in center of Southern Khorasan province, had the maximum occurrence and frequency of the frost days, respectively. Among the stations, Nehbandan city has experienced the minimum probability of frost days. Two-days continuities in all stations, revealed the minimum return period, indicating the less continuity of frost days in Southern Khorasan province.. All the analyzed stations in the studied area, except for Nehbandan, which generally hasn't experienced any frost day, are characterized by Markov chain, first class. In other words, any occurrence of frost days, depend on climate conditions of past days. The beginning of autumn frost days of Southern Khorasan province, is in November, known as the first autumn frost; and the beginning of winter frost is concentrated in January. The maximum frosty cycle in October have been occurred in Ghaen station about 0.058, and in November in Ferdos and Boshrooye stations about 0.05 and 0.043, respectively. Results confirmed the obvious role of high and mountain regions in the frequency and continuity of frost days in the province.

The complex nature of today's cities has made it difficult to provide expected qualities for the residents, and urban management, will not be able to provide the expected conditions and thus satisfaction of users, without evaluating and monitoring the public spaces and synchronizing them with the needs of users. Since the urban parks -as some of most important leisure spaces in the city- are changeable and dynamic due to their nature as public space, analysis of urban parks and paying attention to the type and priority of their users' needs, can be defined as one of requirements of efficient urban management. So, in this study, the qualitative assessment of some of Ahvaz urban parks with user-based approach, was done using satisfaction-importance model. The Research method is quantitative-analytic. Required data were gathered by library studies (documentary) and survey method (field), using questionnaire with two types of questions about the satisfaction and the importance rate. Data were analyzed by Excel and SPSS software, using descriptive and inferential methods (oneway Anova, and one-sample t-test) statistical. Finally, the importance-satisfaction diagram was drawn based on investigated factors of selected parks of Ahvaz city (Dolat, Siahati and Shahrvand parks). Results show security and cleanness are the most important factors for individuals. However, the cultural facilities is considered as the less important factor. And only the centrality of Dolat park -due to its importance among citizens, fulfill the satisfaction feature, while gaining not enough satisfaction of other features, based on their importance.
Totally, the gap between the average of people expectancy of Dolat park, and its present situation was the lowest, and the most in Shahrvand park, compare to the others. Based on satisfaction-importance matrix, all of the mentioned analyzed factors in Shahrvand park need more attention and improvement and there is no factor in excess attention or lower priority part for boosting or improving, in satisfaction-importance matrix

Interodaction
Geomorphologic evidence and existing landforms, such as glacial cirques, glacial valleys, glacial erratic, and tiles, indicate the performance of glacial processes and the dominance of glacial systems. Among the basic issues in glacial studies are the ELA and the water and ice equilibrium line (Ramesht et al. 2011). Although the current situation in Iran and the domination of dry and semi-arid conditions have led to doubt about the existence of glacial rule in this country, but the glaciers geomorphologic evidence in the different regions of Iran shows the performance of glaciers. Iran, with an area of 1648195 square kilometers, is located between 25 to 40 degrees north latitude and 44 to 63 degrees east longitude. It is geometrically similar to a diamond that has a large diameter along the northwest - southeast and its small diameter is along the northeast - southwest. The average length and width of Iran along the meridian of 54 degrees east and 32 degrees north is about 1225 kilometers. The political range of Iran in arid areas is more consistent with local geographic complications, the most important of which is the Thalweg along the watercourse, which is divided into 6 geomorphic units (i.e. Zagros, Northern, Central Iran, and Eastern, Northeastern, and Northwestern units).
Material and methodes
Study of Equilibrium-Line-Altitude (ELA) in Iran, as an independent unit, is not flawless since it is expanded 15 degrees latitude and 19 degrees longitude. To do this, an Iranian DEM with 30*30 meter resolution was first prepared from the USGS site and merged in the ARC GIS software, and the related DEM was cut for each unit. Merged topographic maps of Iran with a scale of 1: 50000 were also extracted for each unit. Based on documents in topographic maps, 20-meter equilibrium lines and the reflection of landforms in SRTM satellite images, cirques of each peak were identified. Topographic maps deal with virtual displays of terrains, and the four elements of the form of contour line, the arrangement of peaks and the network of streams, and single elevation points make this identification easier. The form of contour lines can be used to determine the areas dominated by icy zones on the map and satellite imagery. In the next step, the data of the cirques identified alluvial sediments that have not undergone diageneses or erosion-sensitive sediments such as marl and clay was extracted from the cirques data. Then, according to the method of Terminus-to-Head Altitude Ratio the identified cirque that were not concave with a longitudinal profile design were considered as pseudo-cirques and were discarded in the estimation of the ELA. ELA was calculated using Wright and cirque-floor altitude methods. The overall direction of the identified cirques was determined according to the continuity of terrains, so that the main ridge of each basin determined the direction of the formation of the cirque. In addition, according to the slope direction maps and sampling from cirques points, the direction of the cirques was identified.

The result of the ELA of the 13th highest peak of Iran is as follows: Boll 2946m, Alvand 2700m, Tochal 2691m, Hezar 2936m, Binalud 2529m, Damavand 2832m, Sardasht 2719m, Boghrudagh 2026m, Shaho 1997m, Sabalan 2872m, Belgheis 2621m, Shirkouh 2959m and Zardkuh 2862m.
The difference in ELA of Zagros unit, which is more extended in latitude, was estimated to be 842 m. ELA of northeast slopes was estimated to be 685 m above ELA of the southwest slopes. In the central geomorphic unit of Iran, as the most arid units under the influence of glacial processes during the quaternary, cirque-floor altitude method and THAR (Wright) are the most suitable methods for estimating ELA. In this geomorphic unit, estimated ELA varies between 2772 m and 2915 m (143 m altitude difference). The quaternary ELA of this unit is 2902 m, which is the highest ELA among the geomorphic units of Iran. In terms of direction in this geomorphic unit, altitude difference of north-northeast and south-southwest slopes was 143.5 m. The estimated ELA of Al-Madrasi and Ramesht (2007) in the Sakhvid sub-basin (3300-3100 m), Jafarbeiglo et al. (2014), and Zahab Nazouri et al. (2016) in Bidkhan sub-basin of Kerman (3166 m) on south-southwest slope, and Parizi et al. (2013) in Tangoeye Sirjan (2719 m) in south-southeast slope of the mountains of the Central Iran unit are in line with the findings of this research. Quaternary climatic changes and the displacement of ELA in the mountainous regions of Iran are inevitable and obvious. Accordingly, the effects of the Quaternary glaciers are identified in the second grade basins of Iran. The ELA is estimated by Wright, cirque-floor altitude, THAR (of Wright and Porter), and altitude ratios's methods. Cirques’ landforms are usually identified with the help of contour lines and satellite imagery. Due to the fact that landforms in loose lithology cannot remain unchanged for a long time, the data of those landforms that were considered as cirques in loose sediments and those that have not undergone diagenesis were removed. Removing information of these cirques suggests that these semi-cirques landforms are located at lower altitudes in most of the basins. With respect to the effect of land surfaces’ slope direction of the formation of cirque landforms in temperate regions, the estimated ELA cannot be trusted without regard to the direction of land slope. Accordingly, in addition to Wright's method, cirque-floor altitude, THAR method (of Wright and Porter), and altitude ratios are used for estimating ELA in different geographical directions. In most of Iran basins, ELA estimated by Wright’s method was 200 m higher than the rest of the methods. Porter (2001) believes that the difference in ELA with different methods is because of different methodologies, but the great difference between Wright's method and other methods suggests that the method is not consistent with them. As a result, it can be said that the ELA estimated by Wright method cannot be trusted in all parts of Iran

Man is a social existence and he is affected by various factors which are in his surroundings and interacts them. Man forces to accept the values and norms of the society when he lives therein and between human beings some of them ignore these values and norms and they could not adopt themselves with these Standards.They form a phenomenon which is called crime with violation of the values and norms. Actually crime is a multidimensional phenomenon that its occurrence depends on a complex set of variables and factors. Sociology ,criminology, architecture and geography investigate this phenomenon from a especial perspective . Crimes are usually a serious threat for life and personal integrity and properties of human beings and they have heavy scraps such as human suffering, wasting of economic sources, frustration of people and general deterioration in quality of life. Committing to crime in rural areas structure plays role as dilemmas or anomalies however this dilemma in villages are less than urban areas. But it is one of the significant problems in rural areas. Because the tendency to attitude to crime is observed in rural areas that is affected by the influence of cultures and urban deviancies and in recent decades crime has increased in rural areas. In addition the distribution of the crime is not similar in the area geographically and the kind of crime depends on the especial properties of that area. Several factors are affective in forming primary factors for violating the law and committing the crime by human beings such as created temptation, space and environment. Therefore, geographical space of an area has a vital role in law enforcement and administration of justice. So information about the place, kind of crime ,number of crime and also considering social, economic, skeletal information and in groups of crime and problematic areas will help worthy in analysis and policy for vulnerable groups. On this basis present study with geographical perspective aims to explain, analyze and assess the kind and distribution of crimes in rural settlements of Nimrooz county.

Research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and it has two subdivisions for accomplishment as the other researches. The first part is related to documentary and library studies to investigate the cases like theoretical literature of the research subject and history and the second part is in the form of field study and survey to collect the information and then to edit and to complete the questionnaire. Data analysis is done through SPSS and GIS software and ANOVA examinations‚ Kruskal Wallis‚ Spearman correlation coefficient and Shannon entropy models, Electre and path analysis test were used.
Discussion and Crime and deviation of official norms has a history dating back to human life and it has been of interest of scholars from very ancient times. Actually crime and deviation is a dangerous light which reflects shortcomings and weaknesses of society and usually has different causes. In addition the distribution of the crime is not similar in the area geographically and the kind of crime depends on the especial properties of the area. The findings of research showed in investigating the kinds of crime during the seasons of the year, crimes such as theft of agricultural products and conflict in the spring, stealing home in the summer and autumn and winter livestock theft have the highest frequency. In the study of the distribution of crime during the seasons of the year the summer with 35/7 percent and the winter with 31/6 percent have the highest frequency and also about investigating the effect of economic, social and skeletalenvironmental factors on the kinds of crime in rural areas economic factors have the greatest impact. The kind and distribution of the crime in rural areas of Nimrooz county is different considering the time and place. Most crimes happen in the summer and winter in time and in Ghaemabad and Adimi villages in terms of location and also the most important factors in occurrence the crime are economic factors.