فهرست مطالب

Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
Volume:6 Issue: 3, Summer 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/05/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Pegah Bahmani , , Esmai Ghahramani Pages 136-143
    The present study aimed to determine the concentrations of several disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs), in the public and private swimming pools in Sanandaj, Iran (n=16). Correlations between DBP levels with water quality parameters (free chlorine, pH, total organic carbon, temperature, number of swimmers, and gender of swimmers) and various DBP categories were investigated and compared. According to the results, concentrations of THMs in public and private pools were lower than the recommended limit in Iran (200 µg/L). In addition, HAAs had the highest concentrations, followed by THMs and HANs, respectively. Among the HAAs, THMs, and HANs, trichloroacetic acid was the most dominant species, followed by chloroform and dichloroacetonitrile, respectively. DBP levels were not affected by the gender of swimmers, number of swimmers, pH, temperature, and free chlorine. However, total organic carbon showed a fairly good correlation with TTHM, THAA, and DBP levels (r=0.45-0.78; P<0.05). Some correlations were also observed between various DBP categories.
    Keywords: Disinfection Byproducts, Swimming Pool, Sanandaj, Iran
  • Pegah Bahmani , , Shahram Sadeghi, Esmail Ghahramani , Hiua Daraei Pages 144-151
    Although breastfeeding is the main nutrition source of infants, it could also be a source of exposure to toxic metals. The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in breast milk, investigate the effects of some sociodemographic parameters on these concentrations, and assess the correlations between these metals and infant growth. Breast milk samples (20-30 ml) were obtained from 100 women in the second month postpartum. Pb and Cd levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Mean concentration of Pb in the samples was 6.8 µg/l, and the concentration of Cd in the collected breast milk was lower than the limit of detection (0.1 µg/l). In 74% of the samples, Pb level was higher than the recommended limit by the World Health Organization (2-5 µg/l). In addition, mean weekly intake of Pb (6.65 µg/kg/week) and Cd (0.098 µg/kg/week) was lower than the tolerable weekly intake for infants. No correlations were observed between the Pb concentration in breast milk and the weight, length, and head circumference of infants at birth and after two months. According to the results, exposure to Pb exceeded the standard limit in the infants in the present study. Therefore, it is recommended that breast milk monitoring programs be conducted on larger sample sizes longitudinally.
    Keywords: Lead, Cadmium, Breast Milk, Infants, Sanandaj
  • Rouhollah Shokri , Ehsan Derikvand , Abouzar Souri , Amir Hossein Mahvi, Majid Hashemi , Shima Rezaei Pages 152-159
    Modeling of H2S buildup in sewers is performed due to the health problems associated with the high concentration of H2S, destruction of non-resistant structures in corrosion processes, and high costs of repairing corroded concrete sewer pipes. This analytical study aimed to predict the risk of H2S production in the sewage collection network of Dehloran city, Iran using the Z model. In total, 11 main sewage lines with various diameters were selected for wastewater sampling. For each pipeline, two samples per month were collected and processed for the analysis of various parameters in order to determine the H2S production based on the Z value. Biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and SO4-2 values in warm seasons were 117, 291, and 251 mg/l, while they were 101, 247, and 234 mg/l in cold seasons, respectively. In all the samples, the Z value was >13,000. In addition, the Z level was higher in warm seasons (Z value in guaranteed H2S production category) compared to cold seasons (Z value in a large possibility of H2S production category), which could be due to the high temperature and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in summer. A significant correlation was also observed between the Z value in different seasons and various diameters of the sewers. Considering the high risk of H2S production, it is recommended that proper scheming and planning be performed to eliminate this gas and prevent corrosion.
    Keywords: Sewage Collection Network, Hydrogen Sulfide, Z Model
  • Mahdi Hosseini, Ali Esrafili, Mojtaba Yegane badi, Mitra Gholami Pages 160-172
    Lead is one of the heavy metals that have harmful effects on the human health and environment. In this study, a new magnetic/biosilica/sodium alginate adsorbent (MBSA) made by the coprecipitation method was used to remove lead from aqueous solutions. It was an experimental study conducted at laboratory scale. The properties of MBSA were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), XRD, and FTIR analyses. The influences of various parameters such as contact time (0–80 min), pH (3–11), initial lead concentration (10–80 mg/L), temperature (298–318 ºK), and adsorbent dosage (0.5–4 g/L) on the sorption process were investigated. The equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models were used to evaluate the fitness of the experimental data. The results showed that lead removal using MBSA was obtained at an optimum pH of 11, contact time of 80 minutes, adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L, lead concentration of 10 mg/L (46.29 g/g), and temperature of 318 ºK. Investigating the isotherm and kinetic equations showed that the experimental data of the lead adsorption process correlate with the Langmuir model (R2 = 973) and intraparticle diffusion kinetic model, respectively. The values of the thermodynamic parameters (ΔΗ°, ΔG°, ΔS°) indicated that the sorption of Pb (II) ions on MBSA was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Due to the good removal efficiency, low cost of the process, and lack of production of harmful substances for the environment, this adsorbent can be used to remove lead from the industrial wastewater.
    Keywords: Adsorption, MBSA, Adsorbent, Aqueous solution, heavy metals
  • Yahya Zandsalimi, Behzad Shahmoradi , Saeed Dehestani Athar , Afshin Maleki Pages 173-178
    Hexagonal-structured zinc oxide (ZnO) is a semiconductor material with various industrial and cosmetic applications. Some of the main limitations of ZnO are aggregation, poor dispersibility, and wide energy gap, which limit its efficiency in some applications. The present study aimed to synthesize tungsten (W)-doped ZnO nanostructures using a hydrothermal method and characterize the particles to discover their application potency in various fields. To do so, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of tungsten oxide (WO) were incorporated into the structure of ZnO, and the properties of the particles were determined via SEM, XRD, FTIR, AFM, DLS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis. According to the obtained SEM images and XRD patterns, the prepared particles possessed hexagonal, non-aggregated structures. Furthermore, the UV-Vis spectra and AFM micrograms indicated that the doping of the ZnO nanostructures with tungsten caused a spectral shift in the absorbance of ZnO nanoparticles from the UV region to the visible light spectrum, increasing their relative roughness. According to DLS analysis, doping decreased the particle size of ZnO. In general, our findings demonstrated that the doping of ZnO nanostructures with tungsten could promote their efficiency and applicability in the treatment of environmental pollutants
    Keywords: Nanoparticle, Hydrothermal Synthesis, Zinc oxide, Tungsten-Doped ZnO, Doping, Semiconductor
  • Atefeh Bahrami, Navid, Mahdi Reyahi Khoram , Maryam Kiani, Sadr Pages 179-185
    Municipal solid waste management is an essential part of urban services, which is often managed by local governments. The present study aimed to investigate the spatial variation of the groundwater quality factors in Hamedan Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (HMSWL) site in Hamedan, Iran. In total, 20 wells were randomly selected for the collection of groundwater samples in the vicinity of the landfill. The quality of the well water samples was evaluated by measuring nitrate (NO-3), phosphate (PO‑4), chemical oxygen demand (COD), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), turbidity, pH, total dissolved solid, and fecal coliform. According to the results, the mean concentration of BOD5 and COD in the collected samples was 6.25±11.72 and 7.90±11.50 mg/l, respectively. Maps of the distribution levels of pollution parameters around the landfill have been presented in figures. The issue of solid waste management in Hamedan city should be addressed through integrated management and improving the environment.
    Keywords: Solid wast, Pollution, Water
  • Shahla Shafiei, Mohammad Fahiminia , Mohammad Khazaei, Ahmad Soltanzadeh, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, Vahid Razmju, Reza Ansari Pages 186-192
    Access to clean and safe drinking water has been the focus of officialsin charge of supplying water through many different methods. Water safety program is a new method for ensuring the safety of water by applying systematic prevention and risk analysis approach. The present study has been performed on a water supply system. Water Safety Plan contains 12 different steps which analyze topics such as system description, identifying dangers, risk analysis, etc. The checklist obtained by using the above steps will be applied as input information to a water safety program software named WSP-QATOOL. The risks identified and listed by experts in drinking water were scored using the world health organization data. Also, the results of data analysis are given in tables and graphs. The 12 different steps of analysis earned 212 points out of the total possible points of 440. Basins, water treatment, distribution network, and water outlet points earned 48.86 percent of these points and the reviewing step had 0.0 percent of the total points for coordination with water safety program. The questions related to the system description and identifying dangers and risk analysisstep with 100 percent point had the highest percentage in coordination with the program. System Analysis earned a score of 48.18 percent in general. In order to increase this score, the water safety program should be fully performed and a program should be developed to control the recognized risks with a specified amount to support it
    Keywords: Water Safety Plan, Water Distribution Network, Risk Management, Drinking Water, Assessment
  • Artimes Ghassemi Dehnavi Pages 193-201
    Hydrochemistry of groundwater is considered as an appropriate guide to recognize the occurred reactions in aquifers and water sources. In the present study, composite diagrams, saturation indices (SI), and statistic parameters were used as a tool to interpret groundwater chemistry (SICalcite 0.16 to 1.19; SIDolomite 0.10 to 1.0, SIGypsum -2.35 to -1.74; SIHalite -8.86 to -7.5; SIAragonite 0.02 to 1.04; SIAnhydrite -2.57 to -1.96 ). According to composite diagrams, factors like dissolution, weathering of silicates and carbonate formations were determined as the most effective ones on chemical compounds of the groundwater in the area. Moreover, calculation of the saturation indices for the samples revealed that ions like calcite, dolomite, and aragonite were in the super-saturated mood while inertia, gypsum, and halite were in the under-saturated mood. The total density of soluble ions (TDI) versus the density of anions showed that as the TDI density increased the density of bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium linearly. However, potassium remained unchanged. Statistic parameters in the Pearson correlation proved that the electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) had the highest correlation. Moreover, there was a high correlation between the EC, TDS, and total hardness with HCO3. The first, second and third components with more than 70% variability justified statistic population in the principal component analysis method, revealing that the first factor was determined as the most effective factor on the groundwater of the region. This factor included a set of dissolution, sedimentation and ionic exchange.
    Keywords: Hydrochemistry, Saturation Indices, Ionic Ratios, TDI, Principal component analysis