نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جنگ
سال دوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1397)

Iran was put exposed on the politics and intervention of the European countries on the eve of the nineteenth century, when Iranian politicians were not enough primed to face such a situation because of the undeveloped state of the country along with their own ignorance. The first round of Russo-Persian Wars was one of the most important instances of the involvement of Europeans in Iran, which ended with the imposition of the Treaty of Gulistan with the mediation of the UK ambassador to Iran, Sir Gore Ouseley. This study tried to analyze the role of Sir Gore Ouseley in the events leading to the end of the first period of the Russo-Persian Wars especially the aforementioned treaty. The results indicate that Sir Gore Ouseley acted as a mediator in the negotiations between Iran and Russia since 1227 AH /1812. However, he had an important role in defeating Abbas Mirza's forces in Aslanduz, with his tendency toward Russia and his removal of British officers from the Iranian troops. Promising the reclaim of the Iranian lands by the Russian emperor, and using other promises and threats, he also forced other people to accept the unequal conditions of peace with Russia.

The military and political affairs as the two main domains of government have always been in the context of the concept of power in interaction and opposition. These two domains in the Middle Ages of Iran, need to interact with the government, and on the other hand, there has been a constant struggle between the two domains to dominate power. Given the dominance of the military forces on the rule of the state, it is often expected that the nature of the government in this period is affected by the military but the continuation of the previous traditions of the government based on the bureaucracy system for much of this period Challenges the imagination. Therefore, this article seeks to answer the question of how these two domains are related to the structure of government in this era and its representation in the field of thought. Therefore, in this research, the study of the military and political thought have been investigated and then they have examined the relationship with them through an explanatory-analytical method. According to the studies, it seems that despite the military background of the Iranian central government, considering the mechanisms of the governments of this age, it is a political one that plays a superior role in the interaction between the two areas of the military and political affairs. Hence, in this period, military action is a function of political affairs, as this idea was even accepted by the military elites.

One of the most important events after the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) are the victories happened in wars during the rule of the early caliphs of Islam. Muslim scholars and thinkers have taken different approaches those victories. Some have likened them to Prophet's (PBUH) ghazvats, consider defending the foundation of Islam their main motive. On the other hand, some scholars have regarded those conquests as disasters. Therefore, the issue has raised a number of questions because of its importance. The present paper sought to answer this question: What was the position of Ahl al-Bait (AS) against the aforementioned conquests? To answer this question by examining the motives of the conquerors, as well as reviewing and evaluating the documents and evidence of the happiness of Ahlul-Bayt (as) because of the victories, such as the glad tidings made by Prophet (PBUH), consultation of the caliphs with Imam Ali (AS), some historians' belief in the participation of Hassan (AS) and Hussein (AS) in the conquests, the involvement of the companions of Imam Ali (AS) in the conquests and finally reviewing and evaluating the documents showing the disapproval of Ahlul-Bayt (AS) such as the narratives proving the illegitimacy of the conquests, and narratives that have expressed the legitimacy criterion of jihad (Imam's permission) from which it is possible to infer the illegitimacy of the conquests, we found that the approach by Ahlul-Bayt (AS) did not approve the conquests.

Jizya is one of the pre-Islamic taxes that have been signed in the Islamic era in accordance with the goals and aspirations of the Islamic society. Non-Muslims living in the Islamic realm (ahl ul-ḏimmah) paid tribute to the Islamic ruler in order to benefit from military immunity and stay their religion. The main question of the research is that the taxation of the tax on the life of the Zoroastrian Iran has laid down? It seems that Jizya has been forced to accept Islam for the obligation and coercion of the ahl ul-ḏimmah.
An examination of the historical historical texts shows that the establishment of the Jizya not only did not lead to Zoroastrians to Islam and did not create a special difficulty in their lives, but also made Zoroastrians immune from military and security payments to their religion.It was also shown that the gradual tendency of Zoroastrians to Islam was not a liberation from the tax pressure, but also to obtain better social status and to be absorbed into the dominant Islamic society

Cannons were strategic weapons and the most important tool for supporting cavalry and infantry forces coming into use from the middle of the Safavid dynasty to the end of the Qajar era. The use of cannons during the Qajar rule played an important role in the success or failure of the Qajar army. In the present study, with the use of and reference to the main library resources, travel literature and documents, and using a descriptive-analytical method, the artillery of the Qajar era was discussed. The main purpose of the study was to answer the question that how important was the artillery in the Qajar ruling system? By examining the resources, this hypothesis was suggested that Qajar agents sought to create a modern system of artillery and modern infantry similar to those of European armies, but there were major barriers to artillery formation, and such efforts failed in the socio-political culture of Iran. The research findings indicate that in the social structure of Iran, the heads and tribal cavalry enjoyed special importance and prevented the formation of infantry and artillery battery as rivals of the cavalry. Therefore, throughout the Qajar era and in the foreign wars, the cavalry, both in terms of number and structure of the system, was more important than artillery and infantry. Such a construction was one of the main reasons for the Qajar army's failure to confront Russia and English armies.

Modern army was formed in Europe as one of the most pivotal entities of modern state, and has played a significant role in empowerment and victory of European powers. Invasion of colonial states such as Russia and England to Iran, especially huge failures against Russia, drew Qajar governors and intellectuals towards the traditional and inefficient structure of Qajar army. Thus, the idea of military reformations and a modern army formation made the governors try various plans and reformations in the first half of this dynasty, from its beginning to constitutionalism. The main flow of these reformations has been recruiting European military counselors. However, these attempts were confronted by various impediments and, finally, this significant goat was not achieved. Thus, the main question is quot;what have been the impediments of a modern army formation in this historical era? quot; our answer is multidimensional and includes various governmental and structural factors which are elaborated using Anthony Giddens;s theory of Structuralism. Based on Giddens;s theory, the governor and the structure form a phenomenon altogether, and neither has privilege. The findings of this survey show that opposition of domestic governors, disturbance of foreign governors , beside economic structure , military structure weakness , were the most important impediments which frustrated military reformations and modern army formation in the first half of Qajar dynasty, despite the endeavors of reformist officials and finally.

Achaemenid Empire Army became the most powerful army during Darius kingdom from structure and military style point of view. It had some modifications by Xerxes the king and he conquested Greece following his father's policies in Greece and modifying the structure and military style including follower tribes. The author attempts to study the actions of Xerxes the king in reorganizing the forces, tribes, military style and the reasons of their inefficiency in historic battles with Greece using analytic- descriptive approach. The question considered in this paper is what modifications did the Achaemenid Army have? Multi-nationality army, have new military tools and instruments, navy force enhancement for continuing expansions are the hypothesis investigated in this research. The developments that Khasharianasha created in the Achaemenid Army not only had a significant effect on the military's military performance, but also on the strength of Xerxes and its successive successes and the suppression of the enemies.

From the Safavid period, Kermanshahan was considered one of the border regions of Iran. Since it was in the border region with the Ottomans, it was of great importance to the central government. The pillars of the central government were trying to provide measures to preserve the Kermanshah's discipline. On the one hand, the cast and the main performers of this province were up and down before the formation of the modern state, tribes and tribes, and the military power of the province was exclusively Eilat dependent. The efficiency of this force required an extra effort. One of the main factors in the efficiency and discipline of the military and military forces in the historical period was the timely and timely payment of their wages. Due to the fact that a large part of the Iranian armies were of tribes and tribes, they did not create a challenge for the central and state government in the conditions of late and late pay, since the heads of the military blocs were the chiefs of the tribes and tribes and the social structure of the tribes did not allow them to protest. In periods of instability and unstable political conditions, this issue was completely different in nature, and only regular and timely payouts kept military forces in the circle of obedience. Therefore, the study addresses the challenges of paying the Kermanshah summit and the results it has achieved.