فصلنامه زبان شناسی اجتماعی
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1397)

Discourse markers are linguistic elements which make relations between discourse units. In other words, these linguistic elements make the discourse cohesive and do not let discourse deviate. Discourse markers perform different functions in language system. So far, discourse markers have been studied in different frameworks, according to different approaches, and in different spheres. In this research, diverse functions of the discourse marker "Xob" which is the most frequent discourse marker based on this research are analyzed in the two-fold framework of Brinton (1996), in functionalism approach, and in pragmatics sphere. As this research is a corpus based study, a colloquial corpus has been selected, consisting of three telefilms: "panj tā panj", "ye bilit Šāns", and "amu jān Hitler" (on CDs). In regards to the data of this research, the discourse marker "Xob" functions mostly in the interpersonal meta-function and the most frequent function of this discourse marker is expressing reaction.

Speakers of non-standard varieties have been driven toward the standard ones due to the positive and negative judgments about these varieties. This study is to investigate the social status of varieties of Farsi. The main question is what the impacts of socio-cognitive factors are on speakers’ attitude and on the usage of different varieties of Farsi (Regional, Shirazi and Standard). To collect data, a total of 490 participants from Shiraz, Marvdasht ,Kazeroon, Fasa, Jahrom and several smaller cities contributed in survey method, 223 of whom participated in MGT and 126 were interviewed as well. In this regard, attitude is studied in the form of components such as solidarity and social status. The findings indicate that participants express loyalty toward their city and regional varieties, since these varieties are attributed to their speakers' identity. Regional varieties are dominant in the family domain to highlight solidarity in the circle of family and friends, while in other domains (education, workplace, streets, media and elite’s speech) the standard variety dominates. Both solidarity and social status are attributed to the usage of standard variety. But what has still kept the regional varieties dynamic is the feeling of intimacy and sense of belonging.

Racism is defined (Van Dijk,1993A) as a specific social system of domination in which ethnic groups and their members (i.e. majority) abuse their power in various ways in interaction with other ethnic groups and their members (i.e. minority).Modern racism is hidden, so finding racism needs special strategies in new texts and discourses. Elites have power, control and access to media and they influence people. Van Dijk represents structures and strategies (reproduction of racism theory,1993A) finding racism which consist of surface Structures and meaning (deep) structures. In this research, Donald Trump’s lectures in election (2016, SEP) taken from New York Times were analyzed based on Van Dijk’s Structures and Strategies.The findings of this research show that Trump considers religion, nationality and culture of immigrants. Moreover, many of surface and meaning structure are found in Trump’s lectures with different frequencies. Generally speaking, the results of this research are in concordant with Van Dijks’s researches on racism.

This study attempts to analyze the report of a sport reporter in two important historical periods through a sociolinguistic and discursive approach. The research aims to examine the impact of the socio-political environment on the narrating of sport reports to reveal the extent of the impact of a sport narration on the national identity construction. The research method is descriptive-analytical and research data are derived from the reports of the two games of the World Cup Iran-Australia (1998) and Iran-Spain (2018). The instances are the reporter's statements during the emotional moments of the game analyzed in three parts: "social actors", "actions", and "reactions". Then by applying identity-based approach by Van Leeuwen (1996), the quality and quantity of individual and national identity have been studied. In this research, the human variable-reporter was considered as a constant variable and social-political constraint of two different periods was considered as a dependent variable. The results indicate that under the influence of socio-political conditions, the discursive approach of a sport report shifted from highlighting the individual identities to highlighting the national identity. It was also shown that by using classification and relational categorization instead of nomination and individual mythology, individual identities can be marginalized in the favor of national identity being strengthened.

From ancient times, cities have been the location and place of appearance of paper characters actions in novels and stories. Urban story / film as a literary genre pictures man’s cinematic encounter with critically oriented approaches, the birth of a modern urban man and the contradictions and changes in his performance in interacting with his environment. Urban spaces and existing cultures make up a large part of the daily lives of citizens. Now, the first question is what is our tool against the spatial representation as a text and an image? Undoubtedly, the metropolis faces the difficulty of presenting and representing its audience due to its complex nature. This theme naturally shows itself when creating an artwork in its various fields. Reading cross-levels, diverse facets and hidden layers of space from the lines of literary masterpieces, including ways to recognize cities, have been in different historical periods. Now, the question is that in the Asghar Farhadi movie of the seller, how is the representation of Tehran and the contemporary urban community depicted. In recent years, studies on space-time issues have been discussed and were fulfilled in various aspects. Examining such spaces requires a multidisciplinary tool and approach

Nahj-ul-Balagha is a religious discourse belonging to the beginnings of Islam, and a source of other Shiie’s discourses, composed of a social system including morality and politics. It is composed of many cognitive tools including conceptual metaphors which are based on the immediate geographical context of that text, like ANIMAL (here CAMEL) metaphors. This research studies the role of this metaphor in the construction and perception of Nahj Ul- Balagha’s social system on the basis of Cognitive Sociolinguistics. To do so, the explanatory model of conceptual metaphor in Lakoff (1980) has been applied. The main questions are: which semantic parts of CAMEL concept have been used for evoking Nahj Ul- Balagha’s social system and how. Moreover, to make a coherent and organized discourse, how the mappings from CAMEL domain onto HUMAN domain function. The analysis shows that among different semantic properties of CAMEL, just its behavior and relations to humans have been used. Moreover, the concept of CAMEL and its relevant meanings are explanatory strategies which are used by Imam Ali (PBUH) to coherently shade lights on the social issues like death and sin, Jihad and its value, riot and its dangers, the world and its disadvantages, ruling and its destructive consequences, enemy recognition and its necessity.

The first purpose of this essay is to introduce forensic sociolinguistics and its usages in forensic discourse analysis. Forensic sociolinguistics is a new branch of applied linguistics related to the law and legal processes of society. In this field of scientific study, it is believed that social factors should be considered in analyzing discourses in forensic context. The second purpose is to recognize the police-suspect discourse structure and to survey the role of police in this discourse. To do this, 15 discourse events of police interviews in forensic situation of Tehran have been surveyed analytic-descriptively. To analyze the data, the pattern of study suggested by Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson(2007) in analyzing interviews of English speakers has been utilized; therefore, a descriptive framework for analyzing forensic discourse of Persian speakers are prepared. The results of this research show that in interviewing, police have a particular version of events in mind that they are attempting to confirm; they persuade suspects to confess. Therefore, police-suspect discourse in forensic situation has goal-oriented interview structure. Social functions of language which are introduced in functional linguistics help police achieve their forensic goal which is to elicit a voluntary written confession from suspects.