نشریه فرهنگ و ادبیات عامه
پیاپی 22 (مهر و آبان 1397)

The land of Balochistan, with its vast geography, water and oral literature of Balochistan, is highly productive, various kinds of oral literature, from ancient times, the diverse weather and surrounded by the sea, mountains, plains and deserts which is one of the most important and fascinating areas in Iran. The Balochi language with many different dialects and accents is added to variety of beauties in this land, it is common and still prevalent. Poems, anthems, and many songs from previous generations are still remaining as part of Baloch people’s identity. Amba is a song of Balochi fishermen who collectively reads in the sea and inside their coves and boats as they catch fish. This type of poetry, in fact, is a song that is called poetry at work. These songs have a special structure and various themes. So far, no research has been carried out on many of local songs and anthems of Balochistan and in particular the Amba. In this article, we have investigated the structure and the content of this song, along with a definition of this type of anthem.

Rustam and Chapa Kal is the performative narrative of Rustam going to the Western Lands in order to save Burzou, his grandson, from the King. Rustam, who is imprisoned by a qoulak in the battle, has to undertake six labors. He has to pass through a scorching desert; pass through the habitat of lions and kill two of them; pass through the land of qoulaks; meet the sorceress; kill the dragon; and to pass the snow-covered land. He undertakes the first labor by himself and goes through the rest with a mentor as is usual in the heroic tradition. Chapa Kal, an extraordinary creature serves as his mentor. Most Indo-European epics feature the theme of quest by going through difficult stages. Moreover, stories associated with Rustam have been retold in Iran for a very long time. Kuhmareh Surkhi is among the regions where this story has been narrated. Like many other stories, this story is also obliterated, and there is only one remaining old minstrel, Ali Hossein AliNezhad, who can perform it today. This paper aims first to record the undocumented narrative and then analyze its contents.

Among the various types of folklore literature, due to the legends of Azerbaijan are part of the oldest of these stories and from the perspective of the theme is one of the best and most content-rich stories, in the world, they have a special place. The breadth of information, the diversity of subjects and the historical background presented in these stories, has identified Azerbaijan as one of the most important centers for the creation and influence of folk tales in the world. The study of the cognitive layout of the myths of Azerbaijan is a significant contribution to understanding the beliefs, customs the people of Azerbaijan. Beliefs and opinions that are full of amazing magical happenings, occurring with the involvement of creatures like ogre and fairy tale, and so on. Therefore, it is worth noting that folk tales in the folklore literature of the Azerbaijani people share the same aspects with all the diversity and appearance variation. The authors of this article will study the plot story of the thirty myths of Azerbaijan and study and analyze the early, middle and final plot sections of these folk tales in Azerbaijan. By studying the cognitive layout of the myths of Azerbaijan, it was concluded that in the folk tales of Azerbaijan the foundation of creation was based on the presentation of moral messages. Within these myths, it's more about teaching ethics and love in life, and what makes plot stories stronger is their amazing attraction to their audience

New linguistic theories, considering language as virtual and its rhetorical features as intrinsic, and denying the belonging of these matters to literary language opened up a new chapter in rhetorical research. This research attempts to study a kind of simile in Persian language which has never been examined before. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The data is selected from Proverbs and Wisdoms by Dehkhoda based on desk study using perfect induction and is analyzed on the basis of common rhetorical methods. The reason for choosing this source is the frequency of similes in the work compared with similar works in this field. The results demonstrate that the rhetorical indications in this simile, suspending the min meaning, induce another meaning, because this kind of profound metaphorical superstructural simile has an ironic structure; in other words, unlike all known similes, in this simile, the similarity is a necessary in the service of necessity and expression of its ironic meaning

In this article, myths or tales of the 707 genre are analyzed from the view point of Jane Shinoda Bolen and the vulnerable gods, namely Hera, Dimitri and Persephone. These stories tell the story of girls who have been chased out of their homes and face many problems in their lifetime. According to the research method, the actions of these three goddesses were studied in the form of myths and style as well as in Bolen theory, then the degree of similarity and their differences with this particular group of Irani

Folk Culture represents behavior, customs and traditions of people based on their material and spiritual needs. It reflects the context of people's life and their interaction with the natural environment. Vernacular architecture is formed by local people based on their interaction with the environment, their customs and local techniques. This research aims to find mutual relationships between vernacular rural architecture and oral literature or folklore of one of the varied ethnic cultures of Iran, the Azerbaijan region. Initially, more than 2500 verses, proverbs, puzzles, etc. in Azeri language were studied and those ones which have described and visualized the features of local rural vernacular architecture were analysed. Later, after field surveys of a number of stepped villages, the reflection of characteristics of the village such as villages' tissue, natural environment, common spaces, houses and details and structures, on the visualization of the verses is presented. As a conclusion, it seems that the spaces and details of houses as the heart of life has the most abundance in verses. The results of this research have represented the strong bonds between each space of the village, the flow of life and the folk culture linked to it that is visualized in oral literature. Therefore a comprehensive approach toward the folk culture can conserve the mutual relationships between people, their traditions, and their vernacular built environment. This research has a qualitative method based on the library study of Azeri folklore and field survey of stepped villages in Azerbaijan.

Alexander the Macedonian is a person who played a great role in Persian history and literature. He is also called a gojastack and destroyer, and also called the ideal king and prophet. In folk literature, Alexander is also a champion and a king of adventure and a prophet with the aim of promoting divine religion. One of the folk texts, partly devoted to the life of Alexander, is the Tarsusi’s Darab-Nameh. An interesting point is that Alexander has a significant difference in the Tarsusi’s Darab-Nameh, with Alexander, other Iskandar-nameh of Persian literature, such as Shahnameh, Nizami’s Iskandar-nameh, and the Pseudo-callistenes. That's mean Alexander is not a powerful king of Persian literature. Tarsusi has removed sanctity and powers from this legendary king with various techniques. The purpose of this study is to detect these techniques. In this essay, the recognition of the Characterization of Alexander in the Tarsusi’s Darab-Nameh, has been considered in order to identify the differences in the Tarsusi’s Characterization and to identify the methods of Eliminating Authority from Alexander. The results show that Trasusi has brought many adventures and incidents in his story to gradually and on the basis of Acceptable plot, the authority will be removed from Alexander. He also displayed Alexander weakly And the characters in front of Alexander Like Pourandokht, have shown strong.

Based on the intertextuality approach, no text is self-sufficient and any text is an intertextuality of previous texts and at the same time would be an intertextuality for following texts. In this article, we will introduce a collection of fairy tales of the book “One Thousand and One Days”. As Petit de la Croix suggested, this book is a translation version of the book “Mokhles” by Darvish which is a collection of Persian tales. Afterward, we will explain this book compared to the Iranian folk tales, based on the transtextuality (Intertextuality) approach of Gérard Genette, we also will explain the Intertextuality relationships of this book. Based on the Intertextuality relationships, it is concluded that de la Croix had access to some pretexts of Iranian folk tales, including hypotexts that “Jawami ul-Hikayat“ is compiled and translated based on them. It can never be said that the roots and foundation of “One Thousand and One Days” tales are fake, inventive and imaginative of de la Croix’s pen.

The tales reflect the thinking, lifestyle and beliefs of people over time. Despite the obvious differences of stories with each other in different cultures and clans, there are also common features. . Stories have been used as a part of folk art and literature from myths. A group of thinkers like Freud believe that myths have influenced folk oral stories. But another group, including Andrew Lang, disagrees with this category the story is not a myth left and, in fact, these are myths formed on the basis of folk oral stories. In each society, there are some ancient behavioral patterns which may not necessarily be taught only indirectly to people in the community. or, vice versa, may be attributed to some of those patterns in the formal education system. All those ancient practices today are part of a culture that has been inherited from one generation to another. This article will be followed by a review of the category of "hair" in folk oral stories it is even possible to try to find their mythological expressions. The result of this research, which collects data in a library-based way based on descriptive-analytic research methodology, shows that hair is a sign of femininity and female sexual power. The female personality of stories has mostly fertility, water-relatedness and vegetative fertility women. There are also many ways of life, and especially marriage, in these stories, rituals, and rituals of the maternal age

Human needs Formalizes each new type of language. In eighty decade expanded Argot in human every speaking that targeted religions, polity & gender taboos and mixed with modern problems. Resulting of cause of cultural studded may be analysis by Cultural Studies .For lexicography field impractical linguistics noticed only inner entry of same lexicon and fields of historic, sociology, politic arn’t notable but cultural studies with interdisciplinary way and equal vision to formal language & common opens the atmosphere to show the informal language in formal institutional. This essay attempts with content analysis survey literal & topic eighty decade in five sours of books & lexicons that have sow Argot. For finds cause of Argot are expanding free time entering IT & technology be hidden in virtual spade & expand of Soap Opera in Eight Decade. Without misconstruing survey enters of Argot words without taboo to national language can boost formal language.