فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 40، تابستان 1397)

Abstract: Family businesses play an important role in the economic development and survival of the society. Many large companies have been founded and managed by families around the world. One of the most important processes in a family business is substitution and knowledge transfer, which guarantees the survival of family businesses and transfers knowledge from a generation to next generations. This research is fundamental by its purpose and qualitative by its data gathering method. The purpose of this study is to identify the knowledge transfer process in family businesses, using the grounded theory approach and analyzing the data from 24 interviews. After 21 interviews, we reached Theoretical saturation but we continue until 24 cases. According to our findings, maintaining credibility, the existence of knowledge sources and the desire to survive are the causal conditions affecting the process of knowledge transfer in family businesses. Family values and culture are the context conditions, common aspirations, confidence in the source of knowledge and strong relationship as innerving conditions, Motivation and commitment as strategies and survival of the business and maintaining competitive advantage as consequences.

This article investigates the basis of entrepreneurial alertness using the theoretical approach of cognitive psychology and relates it to existing theories in the field of entrepreneurship. The purpose of the research was to identify the dimensions of entrepreneurial alertness and their relationship to the above construct in a model in order to better understand the concept of entrepreneurial alertness. In this research, by using a mixed method (interwined) first the previous results and findings were analyzed based on the qualitative meta-synthesis method and utilizing an open coding tool and the phenomenon of entrepreneurial alertness was classified into four dimensions of prior knowledge, successful intelligence, mindfulness and market analysis, and 24 components accordance with the seventh steps of the Sandelwski and Barroso methods. The statistical population of the study consisted of 262 entrepreneurs from Tehran and Alborz provinces. Using Cochran's formula, the volume of the sample was calculated as 157 people and the samples were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected through the researcher made questionnaires which prepared by researchers of this study. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling method through Amos24 software. The results of the research indicated the significant relationship between prior knowledge and market analysis; mindfulness on market analysis; mindfulness and entrepreneurial alertness; market analysis and entrepreneurial alertness; recognizing opportunity and entrepreneurial alertness. The results also show an insignificant relationship between successful intelligence and market analysis.

Abstract: Business development Services centers are one of the centers that provide valuable services for the growth of small and medium-sized businesses. These centers, based on growth theory, seek to grow and improve performance, like any other organization. Therefore, first, the challenges and problems of these centers should be identified and then addressed in order to achieve effective performance. In this research, it is attempted to analyze the challenges of the business development services centers in the organizational inputs with a semi-structured, in-depth interview, using the Grounded Theory approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts in the business development service centers in the country, who were interviewed by purposeful sampling. Data analysis was done by coding and categorization. The results of the research showed that the most important challenges faced by business development Service centers are the "provision of Unprofessional services", "the lack of competent counselors", "the lack of a systematic Identification of consultants », «inability to work with government agencies», «Lack of access to business information» and «lack of confidence in the ability of the centers».

Most of the active handicrafts businesses in local communities are community-based businesses and their knowledge are the tacit, indigenous and inherent knowledge that is not officially recorded. Most knowledge management studies have focused on organizations with a formal structure and the maintenance and management of micro businesses knowledge with an informal structure such as handicraft as an intangible cultural heritage of indigenous communities have been neglected. In the present study, the knowledge process of Kilim and Cloak hand-woven businesses was studied as a case study by the qualitative research approach. The statistical population includes weavers and local authorities. The sample size was chosen based on the saturated and snowball sampling rules. The semi-structured interviews were analyzed by the thematic analysis. Findings of the research show that the indigenous knowledge process is based on socialization, interactive learning, and active participation rather than Information Technology, in order to adapt to the changing demands of the market and preserve indigenous knowledge to the sustainable development of local communities.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), as the motive power of economic and social development, play an essential role in the development process of societies. Having a powerful economic flow, power to adapt with changing environmental conditions the possibility of high competitiveness and diversity and innovation are one of the most important features of these types of enterprises. However, a significant percentage of these SMEs encounter with some difficulties during their life-cycle, resulting in their failure and losing their opportunities. According to the literature, entrepreneurs’ deterring competencies are partly responsible for these failures. the current study seeks to identify entrepreneurs’ competencies which deter the sustainability of their businesses. This exploratory study has been done implementing qualitative narrative interviews with a sample of 10 entrepreneurs in Iranian food industries who were purposefully selected and participated in the study. The interviews had been continued till when the theoretical saturation has been granted. The research data were first collected through event-based interviews and a biographical study of entrepreneurs, and finally the findings were obtained by coding method. As a result, 7 deterring competencies of entrepreneurs which interfere with their businesses’ sustainability have been identified as following: self-conceit, wavering, analytical failure, misconduct, business skills failure, job dissatisfaction, and lack of experience.

This research studies the role of effectuation strategy on strategic learning by focusing on the role of effectuation strategy. Strategic learning involves the firm's ability to create, collect, and interpret strategic knowledge and act on that knowledge in order to make strategic change. While existing literature introduces strategic learning as the inevitable consequences of an entrepreneurial orientation, there are conflicting results in literature if formal approach or flexible approach of strategy formation has a positive impact on this relationship. The present study focuses on effectuation strategy as a flexible and control-based orientation in developing a strategy and studies the mediating role of effectuation strategy in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and strategic learning. This study is a applicable research and descriptive/correlation research. The data of this study were collected through distribution of standard questionnaires among the owners and senior managers of 210 knowledge-based firms in the field of information technology that were selected randomly from 444 cases. In order to test the research hypotheses, we use structural equation modeling for quantitative data analysis using Smat PLS 03 software. The results of the data analysis show that in a firm with an entrepreneurial orientation, the adoption of effectual strategies of experimentation and flexibility positively affects strategic learning whereas effectual strategy of pre-commitment negatively affects strategic learning.

Entrepreneurial activities depend on encouraging environment to increase the number of entrepreneurs, and growth of businesses. Studies proved that business environment has direct effect on entrepreneurship development. Therefore, improvement of environmental factors are vital for sustainable growth of private sector. This research has been designed to investigate the effect of 1) entrepreneurship and business environment policies on entrepreneurship development and 2) assess the status que of these policies. Conceptual model comprises entrepreneurship policies, business environment policies and short and long term development.The research is applied based on aim and a correlation survey based on data gathering tools. Questionnaires were distributed among 417 specialists and mangers of public sector including: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance; Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare; Ministry of Industry, Mine & Trade; Ministry of Science, Research and Technology; Country’s Program and Budget Organization, and the Islamic Parliament Research Center. Data analyzed based on confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis, and t-test. The results proved the relationships of conceptual model to be acceptable but entrepreneurship and business environment policies faced barriers for development of entrepreneurship.

International business development is one of the most important means of economic development. While international companies are expanding their market share in the global market, the concept of Born Global is not widespread in Iran yet. In this research, attempts have been made to analyze the distinguishing dimensions of globally-established ICT enterprises in Iran. The case study strategy and qualitative explanatory method have been selected for this applied research. Data was collected through 68 interviews, observation and review of documents from 6 Iranian and 4 European companies and many experts in the field of ICT during 26 months. In order to conduct research, cluster sampling has been used and the statistical population was ICT firms. The research findings showed that "Entrepreneur entity," "Firm," "State," and "Economic ecosystem" are the four most effective dimensions in creating BI. Meanwhile, the "Entrepreneur Entity" is the most important feature in the success of a firm in international affairs, and contrary to some researches, governmental supports has an unfavorable role in entering into international markets.

Despite the presence of a large body of literature on entrepreneurial intention, apparently there is no consensus among scholars over the factors effective in the formation of entrepreneurial intention. The process of the formation of entrepreneurial intention in poor people is expected to be different from that in affluent people. Hence, this qualitative study used the framework of the capability approach to study the factors effective on the formation of entrepreneurial intention in poor people. In this qualitative study, 17 people who had a history of living in poverty and were involved in entrepreneurial activity at the time of the study were identified and interviewed to investigate the factors motivating them to form entrepreneurial intention. The results of this study showed that, in addition to well-known factors, there are other exclusive factors that are effective in the formation of entrepreneurial intention in poor people.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of intellectual capital on Organizational Ambidexterity dimensions (exploration and exploitation) as well as the moderating effect of Mediating innovative culture in electricity industry. The research method is descriptive - correlation. the research statistical population constitute 90 manufacturing company’s managers in the electricity industry in the country select as the subjects. Data were collected via three standard questionnaires with 42 questions. to assess dimensions, Organizational Ambidexterity Scale proposed by jansen et al (2006), intellectual capital Scale was developed by Bontis (1998), and innovative culture Scale was developed by Deshpandé, Farley & Webster (1993) was employed. This study applies SmartPLS3 to investigate the research model. The results showed that intellectual capital and intellectual capital demensions has positive effects on Organizational Ambidexterity. In addition to, this study finds that innovative culture is the moderating factor between intellectual capital and Organizational Ambidexterity.