فهرست مطالب

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
Volume:9 Issue: 5, Sep-Oct 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/06/22
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
|
  • Nahid Ahmadian , Sajjad Hejazi , Javad Mahmoudi , Mahnaz Talebi* Pages 307-316
    Sleep deprivation is a common complaint in modern societies. Insufficient sleep has increased the risk of catching neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Several studies have indicated that restricted sleep increases the level of deposition of β-amyloid and formation of neurofibrillary tangles, the major brain microstructural hallmarks for Alzheimer disease. The mechanisms by which sleep deprivation affects the pathology of Alzheimer disease has not yet been fully and definitively identified. However, risk factors like apolipoprotein E risk alleles, kinases and phosphatases dysregulation, reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum damages, glymphatic system dysfunctions and orexinergic system inefficacy have been identified as the most important factors which mediates between the two conditions. In this review, these factors are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: Neurofilament proteins, Tau proteins, Amyloid beta-peptides, Amyloid beta-protein precursor, Alzheimer's disease, Sleep disorder
  • Fatemeh Ghaffari , Akbar Hajizadeh Moghaddam*, Mahboobeh Zare Pages 317-324
     
    Introduction
    studies have suggested that free radicals-induced neurodegeneration is one of the many studies of Parkinson Disease (PD). Quercetin as a natural polyphenol has been regarded as a significant player in altering the progression of neurodegenerative diseases by protecting from damages caused by free radicals. Owing to its poor water solubility, preparation of its oral formulation is urgently needed. Recently, nanocrystal technique as an effective way has been introduced for oral administration of drugs.
    Methods
    This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of quercetin nanocrystals on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson-like model in male rats. Quercetin nanocrystals were prepared by the Evaporative Precipitation of Nanosuspension (EPN) method.
    Results
    Administration of quercetin and its nanocrystals (10 and 25 mg/kg) prevented disruption of memory, increased antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and total glutathione and reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the hippocampal area.
    Conclusion
    The present study results demonstrated that quercetin nanocrystals with greater bioavailability is effective than quercetin alone in treatment of Parkinson-like model in rat
    Keywords: Parkinson disease, Antioxidant, Quercetin, Nanocrystal, 6-Hydroxydopamine
  • Mahdi Shadnoush , Vida Nazemian , Homa Manaheji , Jalal Zaringhalam* Pages 325-335
    Introduction
    Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, which is accompanied with pain, hyperalgesia, and edema. Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of intracellular signaling pathways sustain the RA symptoms considerably. There is a strong correlation between the expression of cytokines and opioid receptors in the arthritis process. Studies have shown that probiotics via different pathways such as reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines can alleviate inflammatory symptoms. Therefore, based on the crucial role of cellular and humoral immunity in induction of RA symptoms and potency of probiotics in modulation of immune responses, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of orally administered probiotics on the behavioral, cellular and molecular aspects of adjuvant-induced arthritis in male Wistar rats.
    Methods
    Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis was caused by single subcutaneous injection of CFA into the rat’s hind paw on day 0. Different doses of probiotics (1/250, 1/500 and 1/1000 [109 CFU/g]) were administered daily (gavage) after CFA injection. Hyperalgesia, edema, serum IL-1β levels, μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR) expression, and p38MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) activities were assessed on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of the study.
    Results
    The results of this study indicated the efficacy of probiotics in reducing hyperalgesia, edema, serum levels of Interleukin-1β, and p38MAPK pathway activity during different phases of arthritis as well as increasing the expression of MORs during chronic phase of CFA-induced arthritis.
    Conclusion
    It seems that probiotics can effectively reduce inflammatory symptoms by inhibiting the intracellular signaling pathway and cytokine production
    Keywords: Probiotics, Hyperalgesia, Edema, Interleukin-1? (IL-1?), p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), ?-Opioid Receptor (MOR)
  • Mona Zamanian, Azodi , Mostafa Rezaei, Tavirani*, Mohammad Mahboubi , Mohsen Hamidpour , Majid Rezaei Tavirani , Mostafa Hamdieh , Mohammad Rostami, Nejad , Naser Nejadi , Mohammad Kamran Derakhshan Pages 337-346
    Introduction
    Many genetic studies are conducted on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). however, a high-throughput examination of proteome profile of this severe disease has not been performed yet.
    Methods
    Here, the proteomic study of OCD patients’ serum samples was conducted by the application of Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis (2DE) followed by Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF).
    Results
    A total of 240 protein spots were detected and among them, five significant differentially expressed protein spots with the fold change of ≥1.5 were considered for further evaluations. These proteins include IGKC, GC, HPX, and two isoforms of HP. While IGKC and HP show down-regulation, GC and HPX indicate up-regulation. Moreover, a validation study of overall HP levels in patients’ serum via nephelometric quantification confirmed the lower levels of this protein in the serum of OCD patients. Additionally, enrichment analysis and validation test revealed that inflammation is one of most dominant processes in OCD.
    Conclusion
    It is suggested that these candidate proteins and their underlying processes (especially, inflammation) may be linked to OCD pathophysiology and can promise a clinical use after extensive validation studies
    Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Biomarkers, Proteomics, Protein interaction maps
  • Raheleh Gholamzadeh , Mohammad Reza Bigdeli , Mehdi Eskandari , Hossein Mostafavi* Pages 347-355
     
    Introduction
    Brain Ichemic-Reperfusion Injury (IRI) activates different pathophysiological processes. It also changes physiological parameters such as Blood Glucose (BG) level. An increase in BG after stroke is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Erythropoietin has been shown to be effective on both reducing inflammation and BG level. Therefore, in this study the erythropoietin pretreatment effect on BG and its relationship with inflammatory markers after brain IRI was investigated.
    Methods
    Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham, control and 3 pretreatment groups: single dose, double dose, and triple dose that received 1000 U/kg of erythropoietin before stroke induction in different times intraperitoneally. A rat model of IRI was established by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for 60 minutes. Infarct volume, neurological defects, Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-6 serum levels were evaluated 24 hours after reperfusion. Also BG was measured after 1, 6, and 24 hours.
    Results
    Single dose of erythropoietin significantly decreased infarct volume and improved neurological defects which was associated with decreased serum level of IL-1α and IL-6 but higher doses of erythropoietin administration had adverse effects on histological, neurological, and inflammatory results. In addition, erythropoietin significantly increased BG in a dose- dependent manner.
    Conclusion
    Erythropoietin could reduce brain IRI by reducing inflammation and BG stabilization. The results of the present study demonstrated a relationship between inflammatory factors and hyperglycemia after IRI and suggested that erythropoietin may be useful for preventing brain IRI, but its higher doses should be used with caution due to possible side effects
    Keywords: Erythropoietin, Pretreatment, Blood glucose, Inflammatory factors, Brain ischemia
  • Faezeh Mohammadifard , Samad Alimohammadi* Pages 357-365
    Introduction
    Ziziphora Clinopodioides has been used widely for various therapeutic purposes in Iranian folk medicine. The current study aimed to determine interaction of antinociceptive effect of the Essential Oil of Ziziphora Clinopodioides (EOZC) and opioidergic system in male rats using formalin test.
    Methods
    Sixty-four male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups. The groups 1 to 7 were injected with normal saline, vehicle (Tween-80, 0.5%), 10, 20, 40 mg/kg of the EOZC, morphine (5 mg/kg) and naloxone (2 mg/kg), respectively. Thirty minutes later, the formalin test was performed by intraplantar injection of formalin (50 µL, 2%). In group 8, naloxone (2 mg/kg) was injected 15 min before injection of EOZC (20 mg/kg), followed by formalin at 15 min later. The formalin test was done as time spent for licking and biting of the injected paw. Formalin induced a biphasic pain reaction. The chemical composition of EOZC was identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
    Results
    EOZC (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) dose dependently and morphine (5 mg/kg) reduced pain responses in the both phases of pain (P<0.05). Naloxone (2 mg/kg) alone had no effect on the severity of pain (P>0.05) but pretreatment with naloxone inhibited EOZC-induced antinociception activity (P<0.05). Based on the GC-MS results, EOZC comprised 65.22% carvacrol, 19.51% thymol, 4.86% p-cymene and 4.63% γ-terpinene.
    Conclusion
    These results demonstrate that EOZC has antinociceptive effect and this effect might mediate via opioidergic pathways
    Keywords: Ziziphora Clinopodioides, Antinociceptive, Opioidergic, Rat
  • Alireza Khosravi , Mohaddeseh Behjati*, Minoo Dianatkhah , Fatemeh Noori , Majid Nejati , Nizal Sarrafzadegan Pages 367-372
     
    Introduction
    still a controversial issue, family history is known as a risk factor for the development of Cerebrovascular Diseases (CVD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between parental history and risk of CVD in their offspring in Iranian population.
    Methods
    Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS) included total 6504 healthy participants which were randomly selected through a two-stage cluster sampling method from three districts. The participants were followed prospectively for 10 years. The diagnosis of CVD were confirmed by expert panelist. Clinically validated history of CVD was established for definition of parental history of CVD. Types of history were categorized into paternal, maternal, both parents, and no history.
    Results
    The prevalence of CVD is generally higher among female offspring compared with male ones (P<0.001). The relative risk of CVD with maternal history was not significant (95%CI=0.95-2.29). By adjusted model analysis, history of CVD in both parents affected the risk of CVD in their male children (RR=2.13, P=0.033, 95%CI). By crude model analysis, maternal history of CVD (P=0.047), history of CVD in both parents (P=0.032), and maternal history of hypertension (P=0.005) were determined as risk factors of CVD in offspring. Indeed, the mean age of CVD in offspring decreases based on this order: history of hypertension in parents, paternal history of CVD in both parents, maternal history of CVD, and no history (P<0.001).
    Conclusion
    Early and regular screening for CVD development is necessary in female offspring of the families with the present history of CVD from maternal side. This group are at risk and should be considered as the target group for screening and taking preventive measures
    Keywords: Parental, Medical history, Cerebrovascular, Children
  • Sahar Sadeghi*, Ali Maleki Pages 373-388
    Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system that enables users to transmit commands to the computer using their brain activity recorded by electroencephalography. In a Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface (HBCI), a BCI control signal combines with one or more BCI control signals or with Human-Machine Interface (HMI) biosignals to increase classification accuracy, boost system speed, and improve user’s satisfaction. HBCI systems are categorized according to the type of combined signals and the combination technique (simultaneous or sequential). They have been used in several applications such as cursor control, target selection, and spellers. Increasing the number of articles published in this field indicates the significance of these systems. In this paper, different HBCI combinations, their important features, and potential applications are discussed. In most cases, the combination of a BCI control signal with a HMI biosignal yields higher information transfer rate than two BCI control signals.
    Keywords: Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI), BCI control signal, Human-machine interface biosignal, Simultaneous, sequential HBCI