پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال هشتم شماره 16 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

Repeat as literature item is so important in the contemporary Arabic poem, such that this item since of aesthetics role and its description duty considered by the poetries and researchers and changed to one of the main parts of their odes .in the other hand most of these poetries affected by politic and social events in their era so followed from literature process as well as romantic and realism and through using of them saying poem. So for this reason for finding them it is necessary deal to investigation of the features, amount and kind of their effects on the schools. Of these poetries is Abdolvahab Bayati, the Iraq poetry who use of this body and say most of his ode through affection of them. Therefore we decided by analysis-description method and also statistic method with studying of repeated verbs in this poems investigated their verbal aspect.

Understanding any text is just possible by special set up of the text in degrees. This axiom is correct about heavenly books including the Holy Quran which descended from the world of divinity to the world of nature in the form of literature. Therefore one of determinative knowledges in realm of quranic research, especially interpretation of the Holy Book is grammar science. This article by the title “ studying grammatical position of Allame Tabatabaee in Tafsir- al mizan” is a theoretical research by analytical-descriptive method that illustrates distinctive grammatical views of Allame Tabatabaee in Tafsir- almizan and answers below question" contribution of grammar science in distinctiveness of tafsir al mizan in comparison by other general or Imamie interpretations”.
By analyzing datum, I have reached to conclusion that first: context – centered, apparent criterion, and independence of the Noble Quran in indication of verbal connotation caused special approach of allame tabatabaee to grammar science and prominence of this science in interpretation the Holy Quran by itself. Second, Allame inclusively applied grammar standards and rules for demonstration and affirmation of his interpretative views and also critique and modification of other interpreters’ views.

Abdul Aziz kashi's Manuscript "Sharh Almofassal" remained from the seventh and eighth centuries AH, and he explained zamakhshari's valuable book "Almofassal" with a mental prose and scientific manner. It can be found by reviewing his opinions he was a follower of the school of Basra. this Iranian author who was fluent in Arabic not sufficed to mention the views of scholars and in many cases he opined on deductive and auricular arguments. Ebn Al Hajeb is one of the scholars who khashi points much about his comments. Sometimes he confirms his opinions and sometimes criticizes and rejects his comments. His writing style is fluent and without complexity and logical terms. It is concluded that most of the Kashi's comments are right because of his strong scientific reasons to proof his claims. Furthermore, he confirms most of the Zamakhshari’s comments and proves his words.

Al-Kafiya Book writte by Ibn Al-HAjib (d.571), unlike being very small and low content, has attracted many scholers attention and many of those scholers are willing to explain and criticize it, within the years. That s why this book had been explained in Arabic langueg about one hundred and forty-tow times. Som of those explantions got very good reputation in the sciantific communities and some didn’t and stood unknown. Some of the unknown desccriptions for Al-Kafiya are work by Ahmad Aljarbardi called (Shokookon Ala Alhajebiya) and his son description on his book called (AlFokook fi sharh Alshokook).This reaserch fucuses on how to analize writer method on (Alfokook fi sharh Alshokook) and authors explantion on some grammatical differences. The results showes that Ebn Al-jarbardi have used prosaic examples, while he used logical reasons his writing confronted With some complexis. Also, the writter is not the follower of koofe or Basreh grametical methods, but it is follower of correct contrent and more utterances.

For a long time, the challenging issue of lampoon opposition and especially the gross political lampoon with the religious and moral values has been considered by both the jurists and the poets committed to ethical and religious principles. Accordingly, it was not thought that this kind of lampoon, which is usually associated with insulting and exaggerated expressions of ugliness, would lead to the poetry of poets who consider themselves as followers of The Household. But contrary to this notion, there are many verses in Shiite political poetry that such a lampoon obviously has been used in them. This article aims to use the descriptive-analytic method and focusing on the Daliyeh ode of Seyed Heidar Helli to examine and criticize what might be permissible for the use of this kind of lampoon by the poet. In this regard, after reviewing the principle of the use of lampoon on the basis of Islamic criteria, the criticism of the lampoon in this ode and the possible justifications for it are analyzed. The result of this research suggests that, although some of the Quran's descriptive forms, along with some Arabic rhetorical forms, can be used to justify the use of this lampoon, but given the far-fetched reason for this justification to the common audiences using it is not without difficulty. For this reason, although the poet in this ode clearly used a gross political lampoon, but in other Hawliat he tried to avoid it, and instead use other methods of lampoon

Pragmatics which is studying speech between speaker and audience to make a motivation in relations between two parties is such an element which has special place in modern linguistic science. Persuasion which is a process communicative- verbal is based on specific target and also is final point of each discussion. The Prophet has used verbal reasoning in his speeches in order to attract audiences which people acknowledge that his speeches are divine in spite of the fact that he is "human". This studying aims to analysis the aspects of verbal reasoning in the prophet speeches based on descriptive-pragmatics.
The foundation of the research shows that reasoning introduction of the prophet which is new around religion subject motivates audiences to listen to him and also conquer their wise and emotion. He changed the unilateral reasoning into communicative reasoning by opening the space of speaking in speeches. He chooses likened and unto which a thing is from two domains to effect more in his audience and also for making them to think chooses sarcastically metaphor among metaphors.

The purpose of this research is trying to show two key metaphorical phrases in the preamble of Risala-Alqofran is based on the cultural context of Abulalaʼs mind. Achieving this goal Writer has probed the cultural substructures of conceptual metaphors: "Heart is Hamate tree" and "Heart is snake" to reveal a part of the cultural context of Maaryʼs mind and his attitude, through the analysis of cultural foundations. Also we want to show that correlation between these metaphorical phrases and culture is so interconnected that the correct and complete understanding of both is not possible without awareness of its cultural substructures. One of the results of this study was that Maaryʼs mind in the processing of previous metaphors has impress by the story of Adam descent and Islamic teachings about it, which is accumulated from Jewish teachings, and also the popular beliefs, associated with the connection between snake and Hamate tree and between snake and woman.

Comparative analysis of succession of genitives between Arabic and Persian succession of genitives means mentioned consecutive words. Some Arabic rhetoricians have mentioned it causes disruption and some other rhetoricians believes it causes the elegant in the text. But today, in Persian literature, there is aesthetic theory to succession of genitives, and it makes the text beauty. This article tries to determine the reasons defferent views Arabic rhetoricians with persian rhetoricians about succession of genitives, using rhetorical- comparative method, and determining differences and similarities of its in both languages.
Grammatical features in Arabic and Persian are not the same, so it is affective in disruption Or beauty.
Obvious difference in succession of genitives in Arabic compared with Persian, repeat of kasreh and its musical. Also diversity consecutive words in Persian language more than Arabic language, for example, detached pronoun for firs person and demonstratives can be seen among the evidences of Persian succession of genitives, but we cant find them in Arabic succession of genitives, so it(succession of genitives) seams more applications in Persian.

The Bird symbol has a special place in the literature of various nations. This symbol is also manifested in the mirror of contemporary Arabic literature. Arab poets and writers use symbol as a means of criticize of disorganized situations of society for various reasons.This paper aims to explain the symbol concept and the factors that lead the works of contemporary literature to be symbolic, and decodes the one of Muhammad al Maghut by using descriptive analyses method. "Humpbacked Bird" ; as the name implies; is purely symbolic work that involves the political, social and cultural themes. One of the most important symbols that used in this drama , is sparrow, which is more frequent than other symbols. This symbol is present from beginning to end of drama and often it has different meanings and sometimes opposite cases and the end , overcome the positive means of bird to negative means of that. That is one of important results of this research.

A structured look at fictional literature and the study of the elements that make up the text and the discovery of their link patterns and the opening of the encrypted text in the text provides better and fuller text comprehension. The author in each story highlights one or two narrative elements and draws a story based on it. The short story "under the canopy" (under Almazalla) from the famous Egyptian writer Najib Mahfouz is considered to be a contemporary Arabic storyline by presenting a confused and metaphorical metaphor and third-person perspective or external focus. In the modern story, the associations of the mind of the writer, are the basis for the separation of episodes and irrelevant episodes. By presenting this technique, the author has been able to show the importance and centrality of Palestine in the Arab world, and the issue of occupation and proletarian wars with fantasy images, and the meaning of loneliness and passivity of society.