پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال هفتم شماره 4 (زمستان 1397)

In this research, three fictional works of ancient Persian texts , Baznameh, Rabaie's Story and Hassanak Vazir have been attempted in terms of the type of "antagonist" personality and their status. Since there is no protagonist, both ordinary and anti-hero, in void and loneliness, w ithout contact with people and the world around him; the confrontation of the main characters with the world around them and their opponents (antagonists) is to expand and continue the events and the clashes form the final stages of play and story and it draws the attention of the reader. This is the confrontational character that gives the reader the possibility of better understanding of them throughout the story. The absence of antagonists and anti-histologists can not be understood as a champion and can not be fully understood. In this regard, we examine the antagonists (antiheroes) of the antagonists, the antagonists, and the related protagonists in the three stories which were mentioned above. We have reviewed the anti-heroic reactions in the past.

The story text is the accumulation of reality and imagination. The literary creator coordinates both the external and internal biological experiences in a simple or complex literary structure that is a combination of vocabulary and story elements. Understanding the story also depends on understanding the forms of consciousness that are tied to the structure of the text and its meaning. One of the most prominent literary theories in the analysis of literary and artistic works is the sociology theory, and in particular, the sociology of Marxism, which, in the process of its examination, discusses the ideology (hegemony) of the economy and the belief in its infrastructure, the social classes, human object, on the other hand, the idleness of the goods and the like. The sociological issues of literature, or the same subjects in literature, includes; addressing the effects of literary subjects and sociology and the life of the lower classes of society, and their social methods, culture and the cultural elements, are considered the contemporary themes that are associated with the works of contemporary writers, including Ali Ashraf Darvishian. In this descriptive essay, the documentary and analysis are based on the social critique of Pir Zima's text, and in particular, his empirical and dialectical methods, the complex transplantation of the text with the social backgrounds of creation and the development of the story along with My Dad’s Songs of Ali Ashraf Darvishian is examined.

Criticizing and reviewing the woman's image in the contemporary Iranian literature and providing the female beliefs toward women led to the study of the history of contemporary fictional literature from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic one, to recognizie the role of fiction women in increasing the fictional writings. After careful examination, it turned out that despite the many limitations that initially left the space for women's literary creation, there were effects that, although lacking in literary value, were important for the presence of Iranian women in the field of fiction. In this essay, the author has tried to address such issues as: Is there any relationship between an important historical event such as a constitutional revolution with women's fiction, or that women storytellers after entering the arena of the writing of their own subjects, desires and How they pursued their demands, or how much they were successful in showing their expectations and how much their lives and their status reflected in their stories. At the end of the day, the researcher found that women's storytellers, in the course of the aforementioned period, wrote over their concerns with a sense of justice and liberty, revealing their abyss and questions and their unfortunate hatred and spontaneous storytelling for breathing, limb, and lifting.

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1990-1994), writer of The Little Prince is one the world's most famous writers in the fictional literature, who published a masterpiece called Little Prince in 1943. Little prince's story is based on the real incident that occurred in the sandy desert of Mauritania for Saint-Exupéry, and it includes a collection of notes that Saint-Exupéry has left behind in his experiences and thoughts of his life. The methodology is based on Genette’s narratives theory. Narrative is the sequence of events in the center of time. In the narrative, the distinction is between what actually happened (the narrative content) and how it translated what happened (narrative form). The narrator is the main character of the story, and according to Genette, the narrative quality is identical in the narrative world, because the is on the narrator's personality. The narrative is in the form of "coherence". The entire knowledgeable narrator is aware of the ideas hold in the story. Each story is expressed through one or more narrators, which, according to Gerard Genette, can be interpreted in the terms of narration and the sequence of events in the order of time, continuity, and frequency. The story of Little Prince is the order and sequence or the dimension of the time back and forth that has an aesthetic and artistic side, and the painting event has the highest frequency, and the stability of the dynamics or the speed of the story has a positive momentum and, in some cases, a negative momentum. The main characters of the story are the pilot and the little prince whose events are viewed from the perspective of the first person and the events from the perspective of the narrator. The Little Prince's story is an allegory story, composed of pyrotechnic stones from the crustal and decaying layers.

Mileson Hadi is one of the Iraqi female writers who devoted most of her works to describe her homeland, to criticize war, and encouraging sustainability. Among his famous stories about the literature of war is Pharaoh's prophetic story. In this story, he has reported through the elements of the story a sad image of American attacks against Iraq during the 1990s-2013 period. The findings indicate that the night is one of the times that has attracted the attention of the narrator more than other times due to the obvious implications of fear, sadness, and whereabouts the story is referred to. From the places where the events of the story occur, the house has a high position, tied to the texture of the story, and the main events of the story have happened. The writer, in the form of a scriptwriter, describes the time and place, depicts the true tragedy and the severity of the suffering of the Iraqi people in this way.

The novel Suspended Bridge by Mohammad Reza Bayrami is one of the most successful works in the field of fictional literature (holy defense), which is worthy of attention. The structural analysis and the study of the morphology of this work provides the structural model that is one of the research needs in the field of sustainability literature. Considering the correlation between the features of this novel and the views of Greimas, this essay has studied the narrative structure according to the theorist's view. The present study shows that: 1. Although Greimas 's narrative model is suitable for folklore, it is useful in analyzing the novel Suspended Bridge. 2. Modern stories, although they are different in content, but are partly based on a common structure, with the difference that new storytelling tricks help them become more attractive. 3. According to what Greimas has proposed about the six actors, in this work the main personality of the story (Nader) is both the hero and the subject of the story, as well as the receiver or receiver. 4.The kind of struggle that takes place in the story of the "Suspended Bridge" is both a mental and physical struggle, but the mental struggle is more pronounced. As a result of this feature, the six actors of the Greimas’s pattern are four actors, subjective and abstract. In general, the novel on the initial stage of a balanced state leads to an unbalanced situation and ultimately leads to a balanced state and the story has a state of equilibrium, prohibition, violation, and punishment.